Immunosuppressive Treatments and Risk Factors Associated with Non-Response to Hepatitis B Vaccination: A Cohort Study

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the serological response after the complete hepatitis B vaccination of patients according to the immunosuppressive treatment they underwent, and to identify potential factors associated with non-responders. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted, and patients under immunosuppressive therapies were considered exposed. The main outcome was non-response to hepatitis B vaccination. Bivariate analysis was conducted to detect differences between exposed and non-exposed patients. A multivariable log-binomial regression model was designed to analyze potential factors independently associated with non-responders. Results: A total of 289 patients were included. Immunosuppressive treatment was associated with non-response to hepatitis B vaccination (RR = 2.49, 95% CI: 1.26-4.96). Concretely, the use of cytotoxic therapies showed increased risk, although anti-CD20 and anti-JAK also showed a tendency to be associated with non-responders. Other variables associated with non-responders were older age (6-7% higher risk per year), smoking (RR = 3.08, 95% CI: 1.41-6.74) and certain vaccine regimens. These findings were similar for persistent non-responders despite an additional booster dose. Conclusions: Patients receiving immunosuppressive treatments, who are older in age or who are smokers have a higher risk of non-response to conventional hepatitis B vaccination. These data might serve to optimize hepatitis B vaccination in high-risk patients.