Approaches to Next-Generation Capripoxvirus and Monkeypox Virus Vaccines

Area of Science:

• Virology
• Immunology
• Vaccinology

Background:

• Mpox and lumpy skin disease are significant global poxvirus outbreaks.
• Existing vaccines for mpox and lumpy skin disease have limitations, including safety concerns and waning immunity.
• There is a critical need for improved poxvirus vaccines offering enhanced safety and durability.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review current and novel vaccine strategies for mpox and lumpy skin disease.
• To highlight the limitations of existing poxvirus vaccines.
• To explore advanced vaccine platforms for improved poxvirus prevention.

Main Methods:

• Review of existing literature on mpox and lumpy skin disease vaccines.
• Analysis of next-generation vaccine candidates, including modified vaccinia Ankara and LC16m8.
• Exploration of emerging vaccine technologies such as mRNA and subunit vaccines.

Main Results:

• Traditional smallpox vaccines are associated with adverse events, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.
• Modified vaccinia Ankara offers a better safety profile but requires two doses and may provide incomplete protection.
• LC16m8 is a more attenuated smallpox vaccine with limited side effects.
• Attenuated lumpy skin disease virus vaccines are common, but inactivated or non-infectious options are preferred for wider application.

Conclusions:

• Next-generation vaccines for mpox and lumpy skin disease are crucial for global health security.
• mRNA and subunit vaccine platforms represent promising avenues for developing safe and effective poxvirus vaccines.
• Future research should focus on single-dose, long-lasting immunizations against poxvirus infections.