Extracellular vesicles in renal therapeutics: involvement of microRNAs
Hend Ashour1, Hind Zafrah2, Mohamed H Elsayed3
1Departement of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia. hiahmad@kku.edu.sa.
Abstract:
Recently, intensive scientific efforts have been directed to investigate the role of small non-coding RNA (miRs) in different renal diseases. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small secretory vesicles released from almost all mammalian cells. EVs-miRs cargo plays a significant role in regulating various aspects of the biological machinery of the recipient cells. EVs-miRs may play an essential role in promoting cellular regenerative functions. miRs contained within the EVs fractions are capable of preserving their function throughout their journey from the cell of origin to the host cells. Our review discusses the role of EVs-miRs in different renal diseases as a novel approach to managing particular renal injuries. We have tried to simplify the possible modulatory impact of miRs at ultrastructural cellular pathological signalling, demonstrating both hazardous and beneficial subtypes based on published research. Further investigations are still needed in this regard, as miRs may have dual effects, as EVs-miR-23a could attenuate renal fibrosis through the activation of Akt and the inhibition of FoxO1 signalling. We have found that EVs-miR-23a was upregulated by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1a) in hypoxic TECs and activated macrophages to accelerate the renal inflammatory cytokine storm and promote interstitial fibrosis.
Insights
Extracellular vesicle microRNAs (EVs-miRs) show dual roles in kidney disease, potentially aiding regeneration or exacerbating fibrosis. Further research is crucial to harness their therapeutic potential for renal injuries.
Area of Science:
- Renal medicine
- Molecular biology
- Cell biology
Background:
- Small non-coding RNAs (microRNAs or miRs) are investigated for their role in renal diseases.
- Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are vesicles released by cells that carry miRs.
- EVs-miRs can regulate recipient cell functions and may promote cellular regeneration.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the role of EVs-miRs in various renal diseases.
- To explore the potential of EVs-miRs as a novel management approach for renal injuries.
- To elucidate the dual modulatory impact of miRs in cellular signaling and pathology.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of existing research on EVs-miRs in renal diseases.
- Analysis of studies demonstrating the beneficial and hazardous effects of specific miRs.
- Discussion of signaling pathways influenced by EVs-miRs, such as Akt and FoxO1.
Main Results:
- EVs-miRs can preserve their function and regulate recipient cell functions.
- Specific EVs-miRs, like EVs-miR-23a, can have opposing effects: attenuating fibrosis or promoting inflammation.
- Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1a) can upregulate EVs-miR-23a, contributing to renal inflammation and fibrosis.
Conclusions:
- EVs-miRs represent a novel therapeutic avenue for managing renal injuries.
- The dual effects of EVs-miRs necessitate further investigation to optimize their clinical application.
- Understanding the precise mechanisms of EVs-miRs is essential for developing targeted treatments for kidney diseases.
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