Provisioning of vitellogenic follicles continues after green turtles arrive at the nesting beach

Understanding the energetic demands of reproduction on female sea turtles is crucial for devising effective conservation strategies aimed at supporting the reproductive health and resilience of populations at nesting habitats. We studied the ovaries of 69 green turtles (Chelonia mydas) preyed upon by jaguars (Panthera onca) during three nesting seasons at Tortuguero, Costa Rica, the main green turtle Atlantic nesting beach. Our findings revealed a bimodal distribution of vitellogenic follicles, with 'dominant' follicles destined for ovulation and 'non-dominant' follicles to be resorbed. Female green turtles lay, on average, six clutches with ~110 eggs each per nesting season, and a size hierarchy was also found within dominant follicles. During the nesting season, the diameter of small dominant follicles increased by 66% prior to ovulation. Analysis of yolk composition showed that small dominant follicles had higher percent water content than large dominant follicles, which indicates dry matter deposition rather than hydration is responsible for the pre-ovulatory increase in diameter of green turtle dominant follicles during the nesting season. Furthermore, percentages of lipid, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the yolk dry matter were constant across green turtle vitellogenic follicles, which underscores that the increase in follicle size results from provisioning with yolk containing similar proportions of these nutrients. Atretic follicles had higher water and lower P percentages than dominant follicles, indicating an accelerated resorption of phosphorus over lipids and N, which could be due to the importance of this nutrient for eggshell production. Finally, >49% of the energy required for egg production was still to be invested during the nesting season, and yolk from non-dominant follicles would not have provided sufficient energy for most females to complete yolk deposition. These insights into follicular dynamics and nutrient provisioning clarify the ongoing reproductive investments made by female green turtles at Tortuguero.