Unraveling HPV-associated cancer complexity: From molecular insights to innovative therapies

Human papillomavirus (HPV) contributes to a high global incidence of sexually transmitted infections, predominantly associated with cervical cancer, as well as head and neck, penile, anal, vaginal, and vulvar cancers. Despite efforts through improved screening and HPV vaccination campaigns, challenges persist, influencing the frequency of HPV-related malignancies. Collaborative scientific endeavors strive to pioneer groundbreaking approaches, aiming to alleviate the adverse consequences of HPV-related malignancies on individuals and communities. The present review is focused on exhaustively covering HPV-associated cancers, particularly cervical cancer. This study highlights the initiation, progression, immune invasion, and treatment strategies of HPV-associated cancers. The role of viral oncoproteins E6 and E7 responsible for immune evasion and subsequent latent infection is also elaborated. The article also sheds light on the pivotal role of HPV vaccination in averting high-risk HPV infections and associated cancers. The scope of this review encompasses HPV-associated cancer epidemiology, regional disparities, and the distinctive challenges faced in the context of India. This will be a value addition to the knowledge repertoire beneficial for creating awareness and designing health policies.