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Muscles that Move the Arm

Muscles that Move the Arm

Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2025

Development of a Rabbit Chronic-Like Rotator Cuff Injury Model for Study of Fibrosis and Muscular Fatty Degeneration

Development of a Rabbit Chronic-Like Rotator Cuff Injury Model for Study of Fibrosis and Muscular Fatty Degeneration

Published on: March 31, 2023

Muscle Health & Fatty Infiltration with Advanced Rotator Cuff Pathology.

Edward Bowen¹, Aboubacar Waque², Favian Su²

¹Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA. Edward_Bowen@Rush.edu.

Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine

|February 26, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Fatty infiltration (FI) of the rotator cuff, a common issue after injury, is largely irreversible and linked to poor outcomes. New research explores cellular drivers and regenerative medicine for potential treatments.

Keywords:

Epidemiology Fatty infiltration Functional outcomes Goutallier classification Muscle degeneration Rotator cuff repair

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Published on: December 23, 2022

Area of Science:

Orthopedics
Regenerative Medicine
Cellular Biology

Background:

Fatty infiltration (FI) of the rotator cuff significantly impacts outcomes after injury and repair.
Understanding FI's progression and cellular mechanisms is crucial for improving patient recovery.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the natural history, pathophysiology, imaging, and treatment of rotator cuff fatty infiltration.
To highlight recent cellular insights and emerging therapeutic strategies for FI.

Main Methods:

Review of animal models and clinical studies on rotator cuff fatty infiltration.
Examination of cellular drivers, including fibroadipogenic progenitor cells (FAPs).
Analysis of current and emerging treatment strategies, including regenerative medicine.

Main Results:

FI begins post-injury, progresses with muscle changes, and is often irreversible.
Key drivers include FAPs, mechanical loading, and inflammatory pathways.
Preoperative FI correlates with poorer outcomes and higher re-tear rates; novel therapies show promise.

Conclusions:

FI is a major barrier to successful rotator cuff repair and functional recovery.
While surgical repair may slow progression, it rarely reverses established degeneration.
Regenerative medicine approaches offer future hope for mitigating FI and improving outcomes.