Respiratory challenges and oedema development in zebra finch embryos under reduced pore area

Global warming is one of the primary drivers of habitat loss and population decline in numerous species, including birds, amphibians and marine life. Avian embryos exhibit ectothermic phenotypes during most of their incubation period and are also vulnerable to rising temperatures when parents cannot cool the nests. This vulnerability stems from their unique respiratory mechanisms, which utilize eggshell pores to exchange respiratory gases. The number of pores is fixed at oviposition, and embryos may experience hypoxia during later developmental stages, especially when exposed to elevated ambient/incubation temperatures. Our preliminary study on zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata castanotis) embryos, where we covered 30% of the shell surface with beeswax and incubated at high (38.9°C) temperature, revealed that half of the individuals that failed to hatch had developed oedema in the hind neck region. This study shows that such physical anomalies occur during incubation prior to death. We found that embryos with oedema had a higher head-to-body ratio, independent of their relative brain mass. Furthermore, oedema formation was correlated with darker-coloured hearts, suggesting reduced blood oxygenation in these embryos. These results highlight the physiological challenges embryos face under suboptimal incubation conditions.This article is part of the theme issue 'The biology of the avian respiratory system'.