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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:30

Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

A healthcare provider can diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI) through several methods:Medical History and Symptoms: The provider will take a detailed medical history and ask about symptoms such as frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, and lower abdominal pain.Urinalysis: A clean-catch urine sample is collected in a sterile container and tested for the presence of bacteria, white blood cells (leukocytes), nitrites, blood, and protein. The presence of leukocytes and...
Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
Urinary Tract Calculi IV: Nutrition Therapy and Prevention01:27

Urinary Tract Calculi IV: Nutrition Therapy and Prevention

Management of renal calculi focuses on effective strategies like tailored nutrition and hydration therapy. Adjusting diet and fluid intake reduces stone formation and recurrence, making these interventions simple yet powerful in kidney stone prevention and management.Understanding Kidney StonesKidney stones form when calcium, oxalate, uric acid, and cystine concentrate and crystallize in urine. Factors contributing to their formation include genetic predisposition, certain medical conditions,...
Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management

AssessmentSubjective Data: Obtain a detailed health history, including any recent or chronic urinary tract infections, periods of immobilization, previous episodes of renal calculi, and medical conditions such as gout, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or hyperparathyroidism. Review the medication history for drugs that may influence stone formation, including allopurinol, analgesics, loop diuretics, or thiazide diuretics. Document the use of long-term indwelling catheters and any past surgical...
Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management01:25

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...
Biofilms01:29

Biofilms

Biofilms are complex communities of microorganisms encased in a self-produced extracellular polysaccharide matrix attached to surfaces. These microbial consortia can include single or multiple species, providing enhanced survival benefits by forming organized, multilayered structures.The formation of biofilms occurs through four key stages: attachment, colonization, development, and dispersal.During attachment, free-swimming planktonic cells adhere to a surface, often facilitated by...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Anti-virulent Disruption of Pathogenic Biofilms using Engineered Quorum-quenching Lactonases
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Disrupting Biofilms on Human Kidney Stones-A Path Toward Reducing Infectious Complications During Stone Surgery.

Daniel Massana Roquero1,2, Grace H Holton2, T Jessie Ge1

  • 1Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.

Advanced Healthcare Materials
|February 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Chitosan effectively eradicates bacteria within kidney stones, reducing infection risks after surgery. This antimicrobial polymer shows minimal toxicity, offering a promising new approach for preventing post-surgical complications.

Keywords:
biofilmbiomaterialinfectionskidney stonesurolithiasis

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Biomaterials Science
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Kidney stones affect many patients, often requiring surgery.
  • Bacteria form biofilms on stones, resisting antibiotics and causing post-surgical infections (UTIs, sepsis).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate chitosan's efficacy in eradicating kidney stone biofilms.
  • To assess chitosan's safety for urothelial tissues during irrigation.

Main Methods:

  • Collected 56 patient-derived kidney stone fragments.
  • Treated colonized stones with chitosan and measured bacterial reduction.
  • Evaluated chitosan irrigation toxicity on ex vivo human ureters and in vivo porcine bladders.

Main Results:

  • 32% of stones were colonized, primarily by E. faecalis, E. coli, and P. mirabilis.
  • Chitosan treatment reduced bacterial burden by over 90% on all tested stones.
  • Chitosan irrigation showed minimal urothelial toxicity, causing only exfoliation.

Conclusions:

  • Chitosan effectively disrupts kidney stone-associated bacterial biofilms.
  • Chitosan presents a safe and effective adjunct for irrigation during stone surgery.
  • This approach may significantly reduce postoperative urinary tract infections and sepsis.