Recent advances in nanomedicine for the diagnosis and therapy of thyroid disorders

Thyroid diseases, including hypo- or hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancer, are among the most prevalent endocrine disorders that remain challenging to diagnose accurately, and conventional treatments have low therapeutic efficacy. Recently, a wide variety of innovations in the area of nanomedicine, including nanotechnology-based quick and portable diagnostic tools and targeted delivery of pharmaceutics for thyroid disorders, are looking extremely promising. Hence, this review elaborates on the pathogenesis of thyroid disorders and the unique composition, structural attributes, synthesis methodologies, and surface design of nanoplatforms, focusing on the three principal application domains of nanomedicine in thyroid disorders: nanodiagnosis, nanotherapy, and nanotheranostics. Subsequently, cutting-edge studies featuring a series of notable and noteworthy accomplishments are comprehensively summarized, highlighting the intrinsic interaction between nanomedicines and thyroid dysfunctions; particular emphasis is placed on the biosafety of nanomedicines, which seeks to facilitate the future clinical translation of this emerging discipline. This comprehensive review concludes by identifying potential challenges and future perspectives of nanomedicine for the diagnosis and therapy of thyroid disorders.