Echocardiographic Evaluation of the Post-Heart Transplant Patient

Significant practice variability exists with respect to the role and frequency of echocardiography after heart transplantation. We sought to illustrate key studies relating to the utility and diagnostic accuracy of echocardiography for the post-heart transplant patient.

Several echocardiographic parameters correlate with acute heart transplant rejection, but there is enough heterogeneity between study results or in diagnostic accuracy, such that it precludes parameter use in isolation to rule out rejection. Newer techniques such as strain echocardiography may have better sensitivity. Similarly, resting and stress echocardiography can be combined with modern techniques such as myocardial contrast echocardiography to diagnose and prognosticate cardiac allograft vasculopathy, but studies have again demonstrated variable accuracy. Echocardiography remains an accessible tool in the evaluation and management of patients after heart transplantation. This modality can guide clinical judgment with real-time data and several fairly sensitive parameters for the detection of rejection, cardiac allograft vasculopathy, and other abnormalities. Often, auxiliary diagnostic modalities need to be combined to optimize diagnostic accuracy.