Synthesis and application of chitosan nanoparticles for bone tissue regeneration

Bone defects, resulting from trauma, tumor removal, infection, or congenital anomalies, are increasingly prevalent in clinical practice. Progress in bone tissue engineering has significantly advanced bone regeneration techniques. Chitosan-based nanoparticles (ChNPs) have emerged as a promising drug delivery system due to their inherent ability to enhance bone regeneration. These nanoparticles can extend the activity of osteogenic factors while ensuring their controlled release. Common synthesis methods for ChNPs include ionic gelation, complex coacervation, and polyelectrolyte complexation. ChNPs have demonstrated effectiveness in bone regeneration by delivering osteogenic agents, including DNA/RNA, proteins, and therapeutics. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of recent studies on ChNPs in bone regeneration, sourced from the PubMed database. It examines their synthesis techniques, advantages as drug delivery systems, incorporation into scaffold materials, and the challenges that remain in the field.