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Promoted sulfamethoxazole extracellular biodegradation in Citrobacter freundii JH@Pd by launching AcrB efflux pump
Jian Gao1, Jingyu Wu1, Yuancai Chen1
1The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
Abstract:
This study found that bio-Pd0 nanoparticles could launch proton motive force (PMF)-mediated antibiotics efflux pump (AEP) to confer the detoxification capability on Citrobacter freundii, as evidenced by the highest sulfamethoxazole (SMX) specific degradation rate (81.7 μg L-1 mg-1 protein d-1) at high PMF (pH 6). The batch experiment and RT-qPCR results indicated that bio-Pd0 activated the AcrB efflux pump through upregulating the AEP transcriptional regulation factor ramA (2.7-3.1 times), which benefited the intra/extracellular respiration and ATP production/utilization. Path analysis revealed that the prosperity of metabolic activity and extracellular electron output capacity enabled SMX biodegradation, mainly through the electron redistribution and energy optimization with the formate dehydrogenase/hydrogenase based Short-chain (FDH/Hase-S-chain). The upregulation of hypE (2.7-8.6 times) and atpD (1.9-2.3 times) genes encoding the Hase respiratory chain and the F-type ATP synthase, respectively, further supports this mechanism. These novel findings provided a new strategy to improve the biodegradation efficiency of antibiotics wastewater.
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