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This study proposes that mammalian heart rate is determined by the frequency that minimizes arterial flow resistance. A fluid dynamics model aligns with observed heart rates across diverse mammals, supporting this hypothesis.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Biophysics
  • Fluid Mechanics

Background:

  • The physiological determinants of heart rate in mammals remain incompletely understood.
  • Existing models often do not fully integrate fluid dynamics principles with anatomical scaling.
  • Understanding heart rate regulation is crucial for diagnosing and treating cardiovascular conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the hypothesis that heart rate in mammals is dictated by the frequency minimizing arterial resistance.
  • To develop and validate a fluid mechanical model of the mammalian arterial tree.
  • To establish a relationship between cardiac frequency, aortic radius, and body mass.

Main Methods:

  • Development of an elastic, one-dimensional fluid mechanical model for pulsatile arterial flow.
  • Integration of rheological data for human blood.
  • Comparison of model-derived optimal frequencies with literature data for heart rate and aortic radius across 95 mammal species.

Main Results:

  • The model predicts a frequency that minimizes vascular resistance as a function of aortic radius.
  • A scaling law was confirmed, aligning model predictions with empirical data for mammals from ferrets to elephants.
  • The calculated frequency showed reasonable agreement with the target curve derived from literature data.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a plausible fluid mechanical explanation for resting heart rate in healthy mammals.
  • The frequency minimizing arterial resistance appears to coincide with physiological heart rates.
  • The findings support a scaling relationship between heart rate, aortic size, and body mass in mammals.