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Regulated mRNA Transport02:22

Regulated mRNA Transport

6.2K
In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing...
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Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

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Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

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In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...
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Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

3.4K
Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique...
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Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

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Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

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The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2025

Production of Xenopus tropicalis Egg Extracts to Identify Microtubule-associated RNAs
10:01

Production of Xenopus tropicalis Egg Extracts to Identify Microtubule-associated RNAs

Published on: June 27, 2013

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The spatial choreography of mRNA biosynthesis.

André Ventura-Gomes1,2, Maria Carmo-Fonseca1,2

  • 1Gulbenkian Institute for Molecular Medicine, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal.

Journal of Cell Science
|February 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Gene expression timing is vital for physiology. New imaging and sequencing technologies reveal how spatial and temporal organization within the cell nucleus controls gene transcription and RNA splicing.

Keywords:
Nuclear organizationSplicingTranscription

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Precise gene expression timing is crucial for organismal physiology.
  • Understanding the dynamic mechanisms of gene regulation in response to stimuli is incomplete.
  • Recent technological advancements offer new perspectives on gene expression dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent concepts on the spatial and temporal regulation of gene transcription and RNA splicing.
  • To highlight the dynamic organization of the cell nucleus in gene expression.
  • To integrate insights from advanced imaging and sequencing technologies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature and technological advancements.
  • Focus on light and cryo-electron microscopy (Cryo-EM, Cryo-ET).
  • Integration of high-throughput sequencing data.

Main Results:

  • Elucidation of 'where' and 'when' gene transcription and RNA splicing occur.
  • Emphasis on the dynamic spatial and temporal organization of the cell nucleus.
  • New insights into traditional gene expression paradigms.

Conclusions:

  • Advanced technologies are revolutionizing the study of gene regulation.
  • The spatial and temporal organization of the nucleus is key to understanding gene expression dynamics.
  • Further research integrating these technologies will deepen our knowledge of cellular processes.