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Related Concept Videos

Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Muscles that Move the Forearm01:16

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The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a...
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Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
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Muscle Coordination and Action01:24

Muscle Coordination and Action

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Muscle coordination is a complex and finely tuned process essential for smooth and purposeful movements like flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation. The human body orchestrates the actions of various muscles working in concert, each with a specific role. Four functional types describe how muscles work together: agonist, antagonist, synergist, and fixator.
Agonists
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Return to Play, Performance, and Career Longevity After Shoulder Labral Repair in the National Football League: A Matched Cohort Analysis.

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Injury and Economic Burden of Shoulder and Elbow Injuries in Major League Baseball Pitchers: A Retrospective 11-Year Analysis (2015-2025).

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2025

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography
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Rotator Cuff and Biceps Injuries in Baseball.

Christopher S Ahmad1, Abed K Abdelaziz1, Alexander J Rondon1

  • 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Center for Shoulder, Elbow, and Sports Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, 622 West 168th Street, PH11, New York, NY 10032, USA.

Clinics in Sports Medicine
|February 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Rotator cuff and biceps tendon injuries are common in overhead athletes. Nonoperative care is recommended for partial tears and tendinitis, with surgery for persistent symptoms, avoiding over-tensioning during repair.

Keywords:
BaseballBiceps tendonitisBiceps tenodesisPitchersRotator cuffRotator cuff repairThrowing athlete

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Sports Medicine
  • Athletic Training

Background:

  • Overhead athletes frequently experience rotator cuff and biceps tendon injuries, causing pain and dysfunction.
  • High-level throwing induces significant stress on the glenohumeral joint and its stabilizers, leading to adaptive anatomical changes.
  • Understanding these changes is crucial for effective management of athletic shoulder injuries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the recommended treatment pathways for rotator cuff and biceps tendon injuries in overhead athletes.
  • To emphasize the importance of recognizing and respecting adaptive anatomical changes in throwing athletes.
  • To highlight critical surgical considerations for rotator cuff repair to optimize outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on rotator cuff and biceps tendon injuries in overhead athletes.
  • Analysis of nonoperative and surgical treatment strategies.
  • Discussion of biomechanical factors influencing injury and recovery in throwing motions.

Main Results:

  • Nonoperative treatment is the primary recommendation for partial rotator cuff tears and biceps tendinitis/tendinosis.
  • Surgical intervention is reserved for cases with persistent symptoms unresponsive to conservative management.
  • Avoiding over-tensioning during rotator cuff repair is essential to preserve range of motion and enhance return-to-play rates.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of rotator cuff and biceps injuries in overhead athletes requires a tailored approach based on injury severity and symptom persistence.
  • Conservative treatment should be prioritized for less severe conditions, while surgical indications must be carefully considered.
  • Optimal surgical technique, particularly avoiding excessive tension, is paramount for successful rotator cuff repair and athlete recovery.