Emerging clinical applications of single-cell RNA sequencing in oncology

Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has revolutionized our understanding of complex tissues both in health and in disease. Over the past decade, scRNA-seq has been applied to tumour samples obtained from patients with cancer in hundreds of studies, thereby advancing the view that each tumour is a complex ecosystem and uncovering the diverse states of both cancer cells and the tumour microenvironment. Such studies have primarily investigated and provided insights into the basic biology of cancer, although considerable research interest exists in leveraging these findings towards clinical applications. In this Review, we summarize the available data from scRNA-seq studies investigating samples from patients with cancer with a particular focus on findings that are of potential clinical relevance. We highlight four main research objectives of scRNA-seq studies and describe some of the most relevant findings towards such goals. We also describe the limitations of scRNA-seq, as well as future approaches in this field that are anticipated to further advance clinical applicability.