Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Titration of a Strong Acid with a Strong Base01:23

Titration of a Strong Acid with a Strong Base

5.0K
During the titration of a strong acid with a strong base, pH calculations are primarily based on the concentration of residual hydronium or hydroxide ions. Initially, a strong acid like hydrochloric acid fully dissociates, creating hydronium and chloride ions, resulting in a low pH. The addition of a strong base like sodium hydroxide alters the concentration of hydronium ions by neutralizing them. As more base is added, the pH gradually increases. At the equivalence point, all hydronium ions...
5.0K
Titration Calculations: Strong Acid - Strong Base02:28

Titration Calculations: Strong Acid - Strong Base

28.9K
Calculating pH for Titration Solutions: Strong Acid/Strong Base
A titration is carried out for 25.00 mL of 0.100 M HCl (strong acid) with 0.100 M of a strong base NaOH. The pH at different volumes of added base solution can be calculated as follows:
(a) Titrant volume = 0 mL. The solution pH is due to the acid ionization of HCl. Because this is a strong acid, the ionization is complete and the hydronium ion molarity is 0.100 M. The pH of the solution is then:
28.9K
Mixtures of Acids01:19

Mixtures of Acids

614
The pH of a solution containing an acid can be determined using its acid dissociation constant and initial concentration. If a solution contains two different acids, then its pH can be determined using one of several methods depending on the relative strength of the acids and their dissociation constants.
In a strong and weak acid mixture, the strong acid dissociates completely and becomes a source of almost all the hydronium ions present in the solution. In contrast, the weak acid shows...
614
Strong Acid and Base Solutions03:22

Strong Acid and Base Solutions

31.1K
A strong acid is a compound that dissociates completely in an aqueous solution and produces a concentration of hydronium ions equal to the initial concentration of acid. For example, 0.20 M hydrobromic acid will dissociate completely in water and produces 0.20 M of hydronium ions and 0.20 M of bromide ions.
31.1K
Factors Affecting Solubility04:01

Factors Affecting Solubility

33.0K
Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
33.0K
Calculating pH Changes in a Buffer Solution02:45

Calculating pH Changes in a Buffer Solution

52.5K
A buffer can prevent a sudden drop or increase in the pH of a solution after the addition of a strong acid or base up to its buffering capacity; however, such addition of a strong acid or base does result in the slight pH change of the solution. The small pH change can be calculated by determining the resulting change in the concentration of buffer components, i.e., a weak acid and its conjugate base or vice versa. The concentrations obtained using these stoichiometric calculations can be used...
52.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Assessing protein-specific radiation damage in time-resolved X-ray solution-scattering experiments at high-brilliance synchrotrons using fast detector readout.

Acta crystallographica. Section D, Structural biology·2026
Same author

Quantitative assessment of flow between cerebrospinal and interstitial fluid compartments in humans.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same author

Quinones operate as proton-collecting antennas in energy-transducing membranes.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same author

3D-printed syringe holder with synchronized push-pull action.

HardwareX·2026
Same author

International Expert Opinion on Optimal Switching to Cladribine Tablets from Other High-Efficacy Disease-Modifying Therapies for Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: Opportunities and Challenges.

Neurology and therapy·2026
Same author

A light-triggered Time-Resolved X-ray Solution Scattering (TR-XSS) workflow with application to protein conformational dynamics.

FEBS open bio·2026
Same journal

Factors associated with drug-resistant tuberculosis among patients at a tertiary referral hospital in Tanzania.

BMC microbiology·2026
Same journal

Synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles and their effect on biofilm of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates.

BMC microbiology·2026
Same journal

A population-based retrospective machine learning study of COVID-19 severity using integrated clinical and viral genomic data in Jiangsu Province, China.

BMC microbiology·2026
Same journal

Bacillus-based probiotic supplementation reshapes rumen bacterial and fungal communities and enhances carbohydrate-degrading functional capacity in weaned yaks.

BMC microbiology·2026
Same journal

Genome-to-function integrated exploration of polyethylene biodegradation by Rhodococcus opacus R7.

BMC microbiology·2026
Same journal

Overcoming the bottleneck in Treponema pallidum quantification: a novel flow cytometric assay for rapid, precise, and cost-effective detection.

BMC microbiology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2025

The Portable Chemical Sterilizer PCS, D-FENS, and D-FEND ALL: Novel Chlorine Dioxide Decontamination Technologies for the Military
14:17

The Portable Chemical Sterilizer PCS, D-FENS, and D-FEND ALL: Novel Chlorine Dioxide Decontamination Technologies for the Military

Published on: June 29, 2014

14.4K

Boosting hypochlorite's disinfection power through pH modulation.

Timir Baran Sil1, Dmitry Malyshev1, Marina Aspholm2

  • 1Department of Physics, Umeå University, Umeå, 90187, Sweden.

BMC Microbiology
|February 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Optimizing hypochlorite (HOCl) disinfectant pH is crucial for effective spore disinfection. A pH of 9.5 balances potent sporicidal activity against Bacillus cereus with improved solution stability, outperforming highly alkaline or acidic formulations.

Keywords:
BacillusDecontaminationHOClNaOClRamanSpores

More Related Videos

Controlled-release of Chlorine Dioxide in a Perforated Packaging System to Extend the Storage Life and Improve the Safety of Grape Tomatoes
07:07

Controlled-release of Chlorine Dioxide in a Perforated Packaging System to Extend the Storage Life and Improve the Safety of Grape Tomatoes

Published on: April 7, 2017

11.0K
Dynamic Electrochemical Measurement of Chloride Ions
07:32

Dynamic Electrochemical Measurement of Chloride Ions

Published on: February 5, 2016

11.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 24, 2025

The Portable Chemical Sterilizer PCS, D-FENS, and D-FEND ALL: Novel Chlorine Dioxide Decontamination Technologies for the Military
14:17

The Portable Chemical Sterilizer PCS, D-FENS, and D-FEND ALL: Novel Chlorine Dioxide Decontamination Technologies for the Military

Published on: June 29, 2014

14.4K
Controlled-release of Chlorine Dioxide in a Perforated Packaging System to Extend the Storage Life and Improve the Safety of Grape Tomatoes
07:07

Controlled-release of Chlorine Dioxide in a Perforated Packaging System to Extend the Storage Life and Improve the Safety of Grape Tomatoes

Published on: April 7, 2017

11.0K
Dynamic Electrochemical Measurement of Chloride Ions
07:32

Dynamic Electrochemical Measurement of Chloride Ions

Published on: February 5, 2016

11.4K

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Biochemistry
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Hypochlorite solutions are common disinfectants but their efficacy against bacterial spores varies.
  • Neutral to low pH hypochlorite solutions are effective sporicides due to hypochlorous acid (HOCl) formation.
  • Optimal pH conditions for balancing efficacy, stability, and corrosiveness remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of pH on hypochlorite's sporicidal efficiency against Bacillus cereus.
  • To determine the optimal pH for hypochlorite disinfection balancing efficacy and shelf life.
  • To elucidate the biochemical mechanisms of spore decontamination at different pH levels.

Main Methods:

  • Tested 5,000 ppm hypochlorite across pH 7.0-12.0 against Bacillus cereus spores.
  • Assessed spore viability reduction and solution shelf life.
  • Utilized Raman spectroscopy and fluorescence imaging to study spore core permeability and CaDPA release.

Main Results:

  • Hypochlorite was ineffective ( < 1-log reduction) above pH 11.0.
  • Significant sporicidal activity (4-log reduction) observed between pH 11.0 and 9.5.
  • Lower pH (<8.5) enhanced efficacy but drastically reduced shelf life; pH 9.5 offered a balance.
  • Lower pH increased spore permeability and calcium dipicolinic acid (CaDPA) release.

Conclusions:

  • A complex relationship exists between pH, hypochlorite efficacy, and shelf life.
  • pH 9.5 provides a balance for effective spore inactivation and improved solution stability.
  • Standard high-alkaline (pH 11.9) hypochlorite solutions are insufficient for eliminating B. cereus spores.
  • Optimizing pH is critical for enhancing hypochlorite disinfection practices.