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Updated: May 24, 2025

Vegetated Treatment Systems for Removing Contaminants Associated with Surface Water Toxicity in Agriculture and Urban Runoff
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Characterizing pyrethroid and fipronil concentrations in biosolids.

John Wheeler1, Gabrielle P Black2, Michelle L Hladik2

  • 1California Department of Pesticide Regulation, California Environmental Protection Agency, 1001 I Street, Sacramento, CA 95812, USA.

The Science of the Total Environment
|March 1, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Wastewater treatment plants release pesticides into biosolids and water. While fipronil and pyrethroids are common, their levels in land-applied biosolids are minimal compared to agricultural use, suggesting current regulations are protective.

Keywords:
BiosolidsFiprolesFipronilPesticidesPyrethroidsWastewater

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Environmental Science
  • Water Quality

Background:

  • Pesticides are frequently detected in wastewater.
  • Limited studies have concurrently measured pesticides in biosolids and aqueous media.
  • Understanding pesticide fate in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is crucial for environmental risk assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify pesticide concentrations in biosolids and aqueous samples from California WWTPs.
  • To investigate pesticide transformation pathways during wastewater treatment.
  • To assess the environmental loading of pesticides from land-applied biosolids.

Main Methods:

  • Concurrent sampling of biosolids, influent, and effluent from 17 California WWTPs.
  • Analysis of 27 pesticides in biosolids and 23 in aqueous samples using chromatography.
  • Comparison of pesticide data across sample types to infer transformation pathways.
  • Correlation analysis between WWTP characteristics, biosolids organic carbon, and pesticide concentrations.

Main Results:

  • 16 of 27 analyzed compounds were detected in biosolids; 10 had a detection frequency (DF) ≥ 25%.
  • Fipronil transformation products (fiproles) and pyrethroids (e.g., permethrin, bifenthrin) were frequently detected.
  • Pesticide transformation during treatment was observed, with some fiproles forming during the process.
  • Mass loads of bifenthrin and permethrin in biosolids were 2-3 orders of magnitude lower than agricultural inputs.

Conclusions:

  • Wastewater treatment processes contribute to pesticide transformation and partitioning into biosolids.
  • Pesticide concentrations in land-applied biosolids are significantly lower than direct agricultural applications.
  • Existing agricultural pesticide regulations likely protect against risks associated with biosolids application.