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Exploring breast cancer-related biochemical changes in circulating extracellular vesicles using Raman spectroscopy.

Arianna Bonizzi1, Lorena Signati1, Maria Grimaldi2

  • 1Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università di Milano, 20157, Milano, Via Giovanni Battista Grassi, 74, 20157, Milan, Italy; Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Via Maugeri 4, Pavia, 27100, Italy.

Biosensors & Bioelectronics
|March 2, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Raman spectroscopy offers a fast method to analyze extracellular vesicles (EVs) for breast cancer (BC) detection. This technique identified distinct biochemical profiles in BC patients, showing increased nucleic acids and lipids in EVs.

Keywords:
Biochemical profilesBreast cancerExtracellular vesiclesLipoproteinsRaman spectroscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are circulating biomarkers with potential for breast cancer (BC) detection.
  • Analyzing EV biochemical profiles is challenging due to low abundance, complex composition, and biomolecular corona formation.
  • Current methods for EV analysis are often time-consuming and complex.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish Raman spectroscopy (RS) as a rapid tool for profiling circulating EVs in breast cancer (BC).
  • To differentiate EVs from other extracellular particles (EPs) like lipoproteins (LPs) using RS.
  • To assess RS's accuracy in quantifying biomolecules and compare it with traditional assays.
  • To investigate compositional differences in large EVs (lEVs) and small EVs (sEVs) between BC patients and healthy controls (HC).

Main Methods:

  • Raman spectroscopy (RS) was utilized to analyze extracellular particles (EPs) in blood samples.
  • RS was employed to differentiate and characterize lipoproteins (LPs) and extracellular vesicles (EVs).
  • The study quantified major biomolecule classes using RS and compared results with conventional biochemical assays.
  • Compositional analysis of large EVs (lEVs) and small EVs (sEVs) was performed for both healthy controls (HC) and breast cancer (BC) patients.

Main Results:

  • Raman spectroscopy successfully differentiated various extracellular particles (EPs), including lipoproteins (LPs) and extracellular vesicles (EVs).
  • RS demonstrated capability in quantifying major biomolecule classes, with results comparable to traditional biochemical assays.
  • Distinct biochemical signatures were identified in EVs from breast cancer (BC) patients compared to healthy controls (HC).
  • Increased levels of nucleic acids and lipids were observed in the EVs of the BC group.

Conclusions:

  • Raman spectroscopy is a viable and rapid technique for analyzing the biochemical profile of circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs).
  • RS can differentiate EVs from other particles and quantify biomolecules, offering a potential advancement in breast cancer (BC) biomarker research.
  • The identified biochemical differences in EVs, specifically elevated nucleic acids and lipids in BC patients, warrant further investigation as potential diagnostic markers.