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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism01:20

Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism

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Nitrogen is a very important element for life because it is a major constituent of proteins and nucleic acids. It is a macronutrient, and in nature, it is recycled from organic compounds and stored in the form of  ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrate, nitrite, or  nitrogen gas by many metabolic processes. Many of these metabolic processes are carried out only by prokaryotes.
The largest pool of nitrogen available in the terrestrial ecosystem is gaseous nitrogen (N2) from the air, but this...
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The Nitrogen Cycle01:49

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Nitrogen atoms, present in all proteins and DNA, are recycled between abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem. However, the primary form of nitrogen on Earth is nitrogen gas, which cannot be used by most animals and plants. Thus, nitrogen gas must first be converted into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can be cycled through other living organisms. The use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers and animal waste products in human agriculture has greatly influenced the...
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Key Elements for Plant Nutrition02:35

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Like all living organisms, plants require organic and inorganic nutrients to survive, reproduce, grow and maintain homeostasis. To identify nutrients that are essential for plant functioning, researchers have leveraged a technique called hydroponics. In hydroponic culture systems, plants are grown—without soil—in water-based solutions containing nutrients. At least 17 nutrients have been identified as essential elements required by plants. Plants acquire these elements from the...
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Production Efficiency01:01

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Net production efficiency (NPE) is the efficiency at which organisms assimilate energy into biomass for the next trophic level. Due to low metabolic rates and less energy spent on thermoregulatory processes, the NPE of ectotherms (cold-blooded animals) is 10 times higher than endotherms (warm-blooded animals).
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2025

Spatial Multiobjective Optimization of Agricultural Conservation Practices using a SWAT Model and an Evolutionary Algorithm
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Spatial Multiobjective Optimization of Agricultural Conservation Practices using a SWAT Model and an Evolutionary Algorithm

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Optimizing land management for nitrogen reduction: A bio-economic spatial model.

L R Levers1, B J Dalzell2, J M Peterson3

  • 1Sustainable Agricultural Water Systems, USDA-ARS, Davis, CA, USA.

Journal of Environmental Management
|March 2, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Strategic use of cover crops and perennial crops can significantly reduce agricultural nitrogen pollution. Optimizing land use balances environmental goals with farm economics, especially considering climate change impacts on precipitation.

Keywords:
Agro-economicCover cropsNitrogen managementPerennial cropsSWATSpatial optimizationWatershed

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Agricultural Economics
  • Hydrology

Background:

  • Agricultural fertilizer use is a major global source of nitrogen pollution, causing ecological damage like dead zones.
  • Cover crops and perennial crops offer alternative management practices to mitigate nitrogen pollution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a flexible geo-spatial economic framework for optimizing land use changes to meet nitrate reduction scenarios.
  • To balance nitrate reduction goals with potential reductions in farm profit.

Main Methods:

  • A novel management unit approach combining Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model outputs with an economic programming model.
  • Simulation of cover crop and perennial crop patterns at the hydrologic response unit (HRU) level.
  • Application of the framework to the Cottonwood River watershed in Minnesota, USA.

Main Results:

  • Strategically placed cover crops can achieve significant nitrate effluent reduction.
  • Optimal placement of perennial crops, as part of a collective effort, is crucial for maximizing reductions.
  • Yearly precipitation variation significantly impacts both nitrate pollution and farm profit, highlighting climate change vulnerability.

Conclusions:

  • Land use changes involving cover and perennial crops are effective strategies for reducing agricultural nitrogen pollution.
  • Economic and environmental outcomes are sensitive to yearly variations in precipitation, emphasizing the need for adaptive management under climate change.
  • Integrated geo-spatial economic modeling provides a robust tool for evaluating agricultural best management practices.