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Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

Skin Diseases and Disorders

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Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...
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Pneumonia I: Introduction01:30

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Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis II01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

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Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Here is a detailed explanation of its pathophysiology:
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis I01:29

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

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Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
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Cystic Fibrosis: Pathogenesis01:23

Cystic Fibrosis: Pathogenesis

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Cystic fibrosis (CF), an autosomal recessive disorder, significantly affects the function of exocrine glands. This genetically inherited disease is characterized by the production of thick and sticky mucus, which can severely affect various organs and systems in the body.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2025

Macrophage Cholesterol Depletion and Its Effect on the Phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans
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Macrophage Cholesterol Depletion and Its Effect on the Phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans

Published on: December 19, 2014

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Cryptococcosis.

Hisako Kushima1,2, Hiroshi Ishii2

  • 1Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital.

Medical Mycology Journal
|March 2, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cryptococcosis, a serious fungal infection, causes 600,000 deaths annually, primarily in HIV patients in Africa. Emerging data show increased cases in non-HIV individuals, including immunocompetent ones, highlighting the need for broader awareness and diagnostic approaches.

Keywords:
biologicscerebral meningitiscryptococcosisnon-HIV patientssolid organ transplantation

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Area of Science:

  • Mycology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Cryptococcosis is a significant global health threat, causing approximately 600,000 deaths annually, predominantly in HIV-positive individuals in sub-Saharan Africa.
  • The World Health Organization identified Cryptococcus neoformans as a critical fungal pathogen in 2022 due to its high mortality and morbidity.
  • Recent studies indicate a shift, with 90% of cryptococcosis cases in developed nations occurring in non-HIV patients, including immunocompetent individuals with underlying conditions like cancer or those who have undergone solid organ transplantation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the changing epidemiology of cryptococcosis, emphasizing its occurrence in non-HIV patients.
  • To underscore the diagnostic significance of high serum cryptococcal antigen titers for predicting central nervous system involvement, including cryptococcal meningitis.
  • To discuss unique aspects of cryptococcosis in solid organ transplant recipients and potential preventative strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of global epidemiological data on cryptococcosis.
  • Analysis of clinical presentation and risk factors in both HIV-positive and non-HIV patient populations.
  • Examination of diagnostic markers, including serum cryptococcal antigen testing and spinal fluid analysis.
  • Discussion of immune responses and emerging therapeutic considerations.

Main Results:

  • High serum cryptococcal antigen titers are an independent predictor of central nervous system involvement and cryptococcal meningitis, even in asymptomatic patients.
  • Cryptococcosis in solid organ transplant recipients can be donor-derived, necessitating pre-transplant screening and prophylactic measures.
  • The immune defense against Cryptococcus involves Th1, Th2, and Th17 responses.
  • Newer immunosuppressive therapies may be associated with an increased risk of cryptococcosis.

Conclusions:

  • Cryptococcosis epidemiology is evolving, with a notable increase in non-HIV cases, requiring updated diagnostic and management strategies.
  • Early detection through antigen testing and consideration of cryptococcal meningitis are crucial, irrespective of HIV status.
  • Donor-derived infections and iatrogenic cryptococcosis associated with targeted therapies warrant increased clinical vigilance and preventative measures, particularly in transplant recipients.