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Researchers identified common effector proteins in three major pine pathogens. These effectors activate plant immune responses, offering potential for engineering durable resistance against Dothistroma needle blight and other foliar diseases.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Pathology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Mycology

Background:

  • Dothistroma needle blight, Cyclaneusma needle blight, and red needle cast are significant pine diseases.
  • Pathogens like Dothistroma septosporum, Cyclaneusma minus, and Phytophthora pluvialis secrete effector proteins to facilitate infection.
  • Host resistance proteins can recognize pathogen effectors, triggering plant immune responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize effector proteins common to D. septosporum, C. minus, and P. pluvialis.
  • To investigate the role of these common effectors in plant immune system activation.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated three candidate effectors (CEs) from D. septosporum: Ds69335, Ds131885, and Ds74283.
  • Assessed sequence and structural similarities of CEs with homologues in C. minus and P. pluvialis.
  • Evaluated effector-induced responses (chlorosis, cell death) in Nicotiana species and Pinus radiata.
  • Utilized a Nicotiana benthamiana mutant lacking the SOBIR1 co-receptor to assess immune system involvement.

Main Results:

  • Ds74283 and Ds131885, along with their homologues, induced chlorosis or cell death in Nicotiana species.
  • Ds131885 and its homologues also triggered cell death in Pinus radiata.
  • The chlorosis induced by Ds131885 was reduced in SOBIR1-deficient Nicotiana benthamiana, indicating immune system activation.

Conclusions:

  • Common cross-kingdom effector proteins can activate plant immune systems.
  • Sequence or structural similarities in effectors are relevant for immune recognition.
  • These findings may facilitate the development of durable, broad-spectrum resistance against foliar pine pathogens.