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Direct Characterization of Free Solutal Convection in Porous Rocks for CO2 Storage Applications.

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Environmental Science & Technology
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Summary

Direct experimental evidence of free solutal convection in rocks was observed using 4D X-ray computed tomography. This mixing process is crucial for carbon dioxide (CO2) storage, but its rate is influenced by rock microstructures, not just bulk properties.

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4D X-ray computed tomographyconvective mixingdissolution trappingporous media transportspatial moment analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Geochemistry
  • Geophysics
  • Porous Media Physics

Background:

  • Free solutal convection, driven by density differences from solute dissolution, is key to understanding carbon dioxide (CO2) storage in saline aquifers.
  • Current understanding of CO2 dissolution and storage rates is limited by a lack of direct experimental evidence of this mixing process in geological formations.
  • Uncertainties in CO2 dissolution rates impact the assessment of long-term storage security in subsurface formations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide the first direct experimental observations of free solutal convection in porous rock samples.
  • To characterize the mixing structures and quantify differences in solutal convection between sandstone and carbonate rock types.
  • To investigate the relationship between mixing dynamics and rock properties at various scales.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an analogue solute-solvent system for controlled dissolution experiments.
  • Employed 4D X-ray computed tomography to visualize and track mixing processes in situ within rock cores.
  • Analyzed concentration distributions to derive effective transport velocities and scaling behaviors.

Main Results:

  • Directly observed and visualized free solutal convection patterns within sandstone and carbonate core samples.
  • Quantified differences in mixing structures and plume evolution influenced by rock type and microscale heterogeneities.
  • Found that effective transport velocities do not scale predictably with macroscopic rock properties (permeability, porosity, Rayleigh number).

Conclusions:

  • Microscale rock characteristics significantly influence free solutal convection dynamics, impacting solute transport and mixing efficiency.
  • The findings highlight the need to consider pore-scale heterogeneities for accurate modeling of CO2 dissolution and storage in geological formations.
  • This research provides critical experimental data for improving models of subsurface CO2 storage and assessing its long-term viability.