Human Adenoviruses Infection and Kidney Transplantation: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are nonenveloped, icosahedral viruses with double-stranded DNA, classified within the Adenoviridae viral family. They are implicated in a diverse range of human illnesses. The HAdV group consists of 103 distinct genotypes, categorized into seven primary serotypes labeled A through G. This classification is based on the hemagglutinin properties of their fiber protein and their genomic similarities. While many infections caused by these viruses are either symptomless or self-limiting, certain populations, such as kidney transplant recipients, face heightened risks. Particularly, HAdV serotypes B1 and B2 are noteworthy for their ability to infect the kidneys, potentially leading to kidney damage and dysfunction. Diagnosis of HAdV infections typically involves histopathological examination, laboratory tests, and imaging techniques. Treatment strategies often hinge on restoring immune function. However, for HAdV infections, therapeutic options such as Cidofovir, Nitazoxanide, along with emerging approaches like nanoparticle- and siRNA-based medications, and monoclonal antibodies appear promising.