Basic science and translational implications of current knowledge on neuroendocrine tumors

Area of Science:

• Oncology
• Molecular Biology
• Pathology

Background:

• Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are a diverse malignancy group with increasing incidence.
• NETs commonly affect the lungs and gastrointestinal tract.
• Current classification systems require updates to reflect advances in NET biology.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review recent progress in understanding NET biology, focusing on the tumor microenvironment and cells of origin.
• To highlight the need for evolving classification systems incorporating molecular subtypes.
• To emphasize the development of morphomolecular classification for personalized therapies.

Main Methods:

• Review of omics studies revealing molecular subtypes of NETs.
• Analysis of tumor microenvironment and cell of origin data.
• Examination of immune infiltration profiles in NETs.

Main Results:

• Molecular subtypes of NETs have been identified through omics studies.
• Diverse cells of origin and tumor microenvironments contribute to NET heterogeneity.
• Low immune infiltration may correlate with aggressive NET cases and metastasis.

Conclusions:

• NETs exhibit significant molecular and microenvironmental heterogeneity.
• A morphomolecular classification system is urgently needed for NETs.
• This approach will improve characterization, identify therapeutic targets, and guide personalized treatments.