A revolutionary era in advancing precision immuno-oncology; role of circulating tumor cells

Despite a substantial progress in the development of strategies against cancer, cancer still remains a major global health issue due to a high recurrence rate, and severe side effects, leading basic medical scientists and clinical specialists toward more efficient diagnostics, prognostics, and therapeutics. Therefore, there is an imperative need for a comprehensive understanding on the cellular immunopathophysiology involved in the tumor microenvironment. In addition, results from a wide range of studies depicted that an aberration in the cellular mechanisms and immunopathophysiological interactions like Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) plays an indispensable role in the metastasis and tumor progression, revolutionizing cancer management by offering non-invasive detection methods and a real-time monitoring of tumor dynamics. Moreover, CTCs can clarify the tumor heterogeneity and the evolution of resistance mechanisms, aiding in the early detection of tumors and informing personalized treatment strategies. An increase in CTCs count can be associated with a worsened cancer prognosis, providing promising biomarkers for tumor phenotyping, tumor spreading or relapse, and monitoring the treatment response in patients with cancer. Hence, this systematic review aims to highlight the diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic potentials of CTCs, necessitating further investigations and an interdisciplinary collaboration among basic medical scientists and oncologists to address the current gaps in the strategies of cancer management, precisely improving patient-care and optimized clinical outcomes.