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Related Concept Videos

Pressure of Fluids01:14

Pressure of Fluids

There are many examples of pressure in fluids in everyday life, such as in relation to blood (high or low blood pressure) and in relation to weather (high- and low-pressure weather systems). A given force can have a significantly different effect, depending on the area over which the force is exerted. For instance, a force applied to an area of 1 mm2 has a pressure that is 100 times greater than the same force applied to an area of 1 cm2. That's why a sharp needle is able to poke through skin...
Fluid Pressure01:14

Fluid Pressure

In mechanical engineering, fluid pressure plays a critical role in designing systems that utilize liquid flow, such as hydraulic systems, pumps, and valves. When designing these systems, engineers must ensure they can withstand the forces created by fluid pressure to avoid damage or failure.
According to Pascal's law, a fluid at rest will generate equal pressure in all directions. This pressure is measured as a force per unit area, and its magnitude depends on the fluid's specific weight or...
Flow Table Test01:12

Flow Table Test

The flow table test is an established method used to assess the workability of concrete, particularly useful for evaluating highly flowable concrete mixes. This test employs an apparatus that consists of a wooden board topped with a steel plate, collectively weighing 35 pounds. The board is connected to a base via a hinge and measures 27.6 inches on each side.
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Non-destructive Tests for Concrete Strength01:12

Non-destructive Tests for Concrete Strength

The rebound hammer test, also known as the Schmidt hammer test, is a non-destructive technique for evaluating the hardness of concrete and, indirectly, the strength of concrete. It operates on the principle that the rebound of a spring-driven mass from a concrete surface correlates to the surface's hardness. The device comprises a mass within a tubular housing, a spring mechanism, and a plunger that strikes the concrete. Upon release, the energy imparted to the mass by the spring causes it to...
Pressure Variation in a Fluid at Rest01:11

Pressure Variation in a Fluid at Rest

In a fluid at rest, the pressure at any point beneath the fluid surface depends solely on the depth, not on the container's shape or size. This principle, known as hydrostatic pressure, arises because, in stationary fluids, there is no acceleration, meaning the forces within the fluid balance out. Only vertical forces, caused by the weight of the fluid above, contribute to pressure changes with depth.
When measuring pressure at two different levels within the fluid, the difference in pressure...
Measurement of Fluid Pressure01:16

Measurement of Fluid Pressure

Fluid pressure is commonly measured using devices called manometers, which rely on liquid columns to indicate pressure differences. The height of a liquid column in a manometer reflects the pressure exerted by the fluid, providing a simple yet effective means of measurement. Different types of manometers serve specific purposes based on their configurations and the type of fluids involved.
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Updated: Jul 8, 2026

A Coupled Experiment-finite Element Modeling Methodology for Assessing High Strain Rate Mechanical Response of Soft Biomaterials
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Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar Testing of Water with Partial Lateral Confinement.

K S O Li1, A Van Lerberghe1, A D Barr1

  • 1Department of Civil & Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD UK.

Experimental Mechanics
|March 3, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study experimentally investigated water's high-strain-rate behavior using a modified split-Hopkinson pressure bar. Results showed no particle cohesion, revealing limitations in current numerical simulations for fluid dynamics.

Keywords:
High-strain-rate testingLS-DYNAPartial lateral confinementSPHSplit-Hopkinson pressure barWater

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Area of Science:

  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Materials Science
  • Experimental Physics

Background:

  • Investigating the high-strain-rate behavior of water is crucial for understanding fluid dynamics under extreme conditions.
  • Previous research has lacked experimental validation for water's behavior at high strain rates.
  • This study pioneers experimental investigation and numerical validation of water's high-strain-rate properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally determine the triaxial behavior of water under high-strain rates.
  • To validate experimental findings with numerical simulations, specifically Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH).
  • To assess the efficacy of a modified split-Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) apparatus for fluid characterization.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a modified split-Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) with a partial lateral confinement apparatus.
  • Employed a surrounding water reservoir for lateral confinement and a pressure transducer for stress measurement.
  • Applied a dispersion correction algorithm (SHPB_Processing.py) for accurate stress and strain calculations.

Main Results:

  • The modified apparatus successfully assessed the triaxial behavior of water at high strain rates.
  • Experimental results indicated a lack of cohesion between water particles.
  • Numerical modeling (LS-DYNA with SPH) showed limitations in capturing this behavior, highlighting a need for model refinement.

Conclusions:

  • The modified apparatus is capable of characterizing fluid behavior under high-strain rates.
  • The absence of cohesion in water is a key finding impacting fluid modeling.
  • Future research can combine experimental testing and refined numerical modeling for advanced fluid characterization.