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3D-Printed Functionally Graded PCL-HA Scaffolds with Multi-Scale Porosity.

Hatice Kubra Bilgili1,2, Mehmet Serhat Aydin1,3, Mervenaz Sahin1

  • 1Department of Material Science and Nanoengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study developed 3D printed poly(ε-caprolactone)/hydroxyapatite functionally graded scaffolds (FGSs) mimicking natural bone. FGSs with 20% hydroxyapatite content enhanced both preosteoblast cell proliferation and osteogenesis for bone tissue regeneration.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Functionally graded scaffolds (FGSs) are 3D constructs with spatially varying properties designed for bone tissue regeneration.
  • Existing FGS research has focused on pore architecture and biomechanics, with limited exploration of 3D spatially varying FGSs with multiscale porosity to mimic natural bone.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To fabricate and investigate 3D poly(ε-caprolactone)/hydroxyapatite (PCL/HA) composite scaffolds with radially and longitudinally varying macropores and micropores within struts.
  • To evaluate the impact of varying HA content (10% and 20%) on scaffold properties and in vitro biological response for bone regeneration.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of uniform and FGSs using nonsolvent-induced phase separation integrated with 3D printing.
  • Characterization using rheology, thermogravimetric analysis, microcomputed tomography (micro-CT), and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM).
  • In vitro evaluation of cell viability and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity using MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast cells.

Main Results:

  • Scaffolds exhibited controlled porosity and pore distribution, with sufficient mechanical strength for bone regeneration.
  • Uniform scaffolds with 10% HA promoted osteogenesis but with slow cell proliferation.
  • Functionally graded scaffolds (FGSs) with 20% HA demonstrated enhanced preosteoblast cell proliferation and osteogenic activity.

Conclusions:

  • Both uniform and FGSs provide suitable environments for bone tissue regeneration.
  • Functionally graded scaffold morphology, particularly with higher HA content, offers a favorable environment for enhanced cell response, promoting both proliferation and osteogenesis.
  • This study highlights the potential of multiscale porosity FGSs for improved bone tissue regeneration outcomes.