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Colloidal precipitates

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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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Colloidal solids are solid particles suspended in solution. They are usually negatively charged, attracting a compact primary layer of positively charged ions, which attract more counterions to form an electrical double layer. Electrostatic repulsion between the charged double layers prevents the particles from colliding, stabilizing the colloids. These solids are often undesirable because they can contain toxins that are difficult to remove. Coagulation is a technique that helps aggregate and...
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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2025

Extraction of Structural Extracellular Polymeric Substances from Aerobic Granular Sludge
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Heterogeneous microstructure induces floatation in high-rate anammox granules.

Da Kang1, Huifeng Lu2, Tingting Kang2

  • 1National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, PR China.

Water Research X
|March 3, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Floating anammox granules (F-AnGS) in wastewater treatment are caused by a dense EPS layer and heterogeneous microstructure. This structure enhances metabolic interactions and the nitrite loop, despite gas release issues.

Keywords:
Anammox granulesEPS imagingFloatationGas releaseN-cycling genes

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Microbiology
  • Biotechnology
  • Wastewater Engineering

Background:

  • Anammox (anaerobic ammonium oxidation) granules are crucial for efficient wastewater treatment.
  • Granule floatation is a significant operational challenge, leading to performance degradation and biomass loss.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms behind anammox granule floatation.
  • To comparatively analyze floating anammox granules (F-AnGS) and settling anammox granules (S-AnGS).

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of F-AnGS and S-AnGS from a high-rate reactor.
  • Anaerobic respirometry to quantify gas release.
  • 3D X-ray microscopic imaging to reveal granule microstructure.
  • Analysis of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) accumulation and distribution.

Main Results:

  • F-AnGS exhibited 1.6 times higher specific anammox activity than S-AnGS.
  • Only 65% of produced gas was released from F-AnGS due to a dense EPS surface layer.
  • F-AnGS showed a heterogeneous microstructure, distinct from S-AnGS.
  • Increased abundance of functional genes related to anammox and partial denitrification in F-AnGS, indicating an enhanced nitrite loop.

Conclusions:

  • The heterogeneous microstructure and EPS distribution, forming a dense surface layer, are the primary causes of anammox granule floatation.
  • The unique microstructure of F-AnGS enhances microbial metabolic interactions and the nitrite loop.
  • Findings suggest controlling granule activity is key for optimizing granule-based anammox processes.