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Trigger warning ≠ trigger warning: A comparison of differentially worded trigger warnings on negative versus positive
Hannah Willems1, Julia A Glombiewski1, Richard J McNally2
1Department of Psychology, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau.
Summary
Trigger warnings (TWs) can affect people differently based on their formulation. Detailed warnings may increase fear but also a sense of respect and autonomy, highlighting the need for context-specific design.
Area of Science:
- Psychology
- Media Studies
- Communication
Background:
- Trigger warnings (TWs) aim to alert individuals to potentially distressing content.
- Previous research has yielded mixed results regarding the efficacy of TWs.
- The specific wording and detail level of TWs may influence their impact.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate how different formulations of trigger warnings affect psychological and emotional responses.
- To assess both negative outcomes (e.g., threat, fear) and positive outcomes (e.g., respect, autonomy).
- To compare the effects of detailed vs. general content warnings.
Main Methods:
- A cross-national online study with 409 participants (German and English speakers).
- Participants rated various detailed trigger warnings on expected threat, fear, preparedness, and avoidance intentions.
- Felt sense of autonomy and respect associated with TWs were also measured.
Main Results:
- Significant differences in outcomes were observed across different TW formulations.
- Detailed warnings increased expected threat, fear, and avoidance intentions compared to general warnings.
- While participants felt more respected by detailed TWs, emotional preparedness did not increase as intended; however, autonomy was enhanced.
Conclusions:
- The formulation of trigger warnings significantly impacts both negative and positive outcomes.
- TW design should be tailored to specific contexts and objectives, such as enhancing autonomy or reducing threat.
- Potential effects like avoidance must be carefully considered for different populations, including those with PTSD.
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