MicroRNAs in HIV infection: dual regulators of viral replication and host immunity

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that play a crucial role in regulating gene expression by binding to target messenger RNAs (mRNAs), leading to their degradation or translational repression. Over the past few years, significant progress has been made in understanding the role of miRNAs in various biological processes, including viral infections such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV infection is characterized by a complex interaction between the virus and the host's immune system, where miRNAs have emerged as key regulators. MiRNAs influence HIV infection by modulating both viral replication and the host immune response. Researchers have identified several host miRNAs that suppress or enhance HIV replication by targeting viral genes or host factors essential for the virus life cycle. Conversely, HIV has evolved mechanisms to manipulate the host's miRNA machinery to its advantage. The virus can downregulate or upregulate specific host miRNAs to create a more favorable environment for replication and persistence. Moreover, HIV infection can alter the expression profiles of various miRNAs in infected cells, which can contribute to immune dysregulation and disease progression. Dysregulation of miRNAs is associated with HIV-associated complications, such as neurocognitive disorders and cardiovascular diseases. Understanding the specific roles of miRNAs in HIV pathogenesis could lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies, such as miRNA-based therapies, to control HIV infection and its associated comorbidities. Understanding the role of miRNAs in HIV infection reveals their significant influence on the complex interactions between the virus and the host, impacting the course of infection and disease progression. Also, continued research in miRNA-mediated mechanisms in HIV holds the potential for uncovering new insights into viral pathogenesis and developing innovative therapeutic approaches.