Exploring the Human-Animal Interaction (HAI) for Children with ASD Across Countries: A Systematic Review

Human-Animal Interaction (HAI) has been widely adopted as an approach to enhance the well-being of children with ASD, who often experience significant social impairments, emotional dysregulation, and other daily challenges. Given the potential variation of HAI across countries, there is a particular need to explore this phenomenon within different cultural contexts and to illuminate directions for facilitating positive HAI among children with ASD. The purpose of this review is to systematically synthesize the current knowledge of HAI as applied to children with ASD and to discuss possible variations across different cultural contexts. A systematic database search was conducted to synthesize HAI characteristics from existing studies that met the selection criteria. The results highlighted that most of the selected studies (N = 97) were conducted in Europe or the United States. The most common format of HAI identified was animal-assisted intervention, followed by pet ownership. Dogs and horses were the primary animals involved in HAI for children with ASD, while the majority of HAI occurred in home settings and at horse riding or training centres. To conclude, this review provides a more comprehensive lens for understanding the phenomenon of HAI for children with ASD across different countries and discusses cultural variations in terms of the companion animals involved, the formats, and the settings of HAI. It also offers therapeutic insights into the multicultural aspects of HAI, which may shed light on future interventions for children with ASD through HAI in more diverse settings.