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Preparation of Samples for Electron Microscopy01:20

Preparation of Samples for Electron Microscopy

To be visualized by an electron microscope, either transmission or scanning, biological samples need to be fixed (stabilized) so the electron beam does not destroy them and dried thoroughly (desiccated/dehydrated) so the vacuum does not affect them. Fixation needs to be done as quickly as possible because the sample properties will start changing as soon as it is removed from its natural environment. For example, in a tissue sample, the oxygen levels begin decreasing, causing an altered...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Nanostructured Ag-zeolite Composites as Luminescence-based Humidity Sensors
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Sustainable Humid Air Condensation: Insights into Nanoengineered Surfaces.

Mohd Zahid1, Ashok Kumar Raipilli1, Arvind Pattamatta1

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|March 3, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Non-fluorinated surfaces like liquid-infused (LIS) and superhydrophilic (SHPL) surfaces show enhanced water collection rates during condensation. These sustainable surfaces maintain efficiency and characteristics, offering a greener alternative for water harvesting and purification.

Keywords:
condensationdroplet jumpingheat fluxnanoengineered surfacesnonfluorinated surfaces

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Surface Science
  • Thermodynamics

Background:

  • Atmospheric water vapor condensation is crucial for water harvesting and purification.
  • Traditional condensation surfaces often use fluorinated compounds, raising environmental and health concerns due to bioaccumulation.
  • Surface wettability, specifically filmwise vs. dropwise condensation, significantly impacts condensation efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate non-fluorinated surfaces for efficient atmospheric water condensation.
  • To investigate the condensation performance of hydrophilic (HPL), superhydrophilic (SHPL), liquid-infused (LIS), and superhydrophobic (SHPB) surfaces.
  • To understand the heat transfer mechanisms governing condensation on these engineered surfaces.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of various non-fluorinated surfaces with distinct wettabilities (HPL, SHPL, LIS, SHPB).
  • Condensation experiments conducted across a range of humidity ratio differences (7-24.9 g/kg).
  • Detailed heat flux measurements using heat flux sensors to analyze heat transfer mechanisms.
  • Long-term durability tests (>200 h) under varying environmental conditions.

Main Results:

  • Liquid-infused surfaces (LIS) and superhydrophilic surfaces (SHPL) demonstrated higher water collection rates compared to other tested surfaces.
  • LIS surfaces showed up to 13% enhancement and SHPL surfaces up to 9.5% enhancement in water collection at specific humidity differences.
  • Both LIS and SHPL surfaces maintained their condensation efficiency and surface characteristics over extended operational periods (>200 h).

Conclusions:

  • Non-fluorinated LIS and SHPL surfaces offer superior and sustainable condensation performance for water harvesting applications.
  • The study provides insights into heat transfer mechanisms and the durability of nanoengineered surfaces for condensation.
  • This research promotes the use of environmentally friendly, durable, and scalable materials for efficient atmospheric water condensation.