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    This study introduces a new high-frequency steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEP) brain-computer interface (BCI) using a dual-frequency method. This approach enables multiple commands with minimal training data for a more comfortable user experience.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Human-Computer Interaction

    Background:

    • Steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEP)-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) offer high accuracy and information transfer rates (ITR).
    • High-frequency (HF) visual stimuli can reduce visual fatigue and improve user comfort in SSVEP-BCIs.
    • Current HF-SSVEP-BCIs often have limited command options and require substantial training data.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a comfortable BCI system supporting multiple commands and reducing training costs.
    • To propose a novel row-column dual-frequency encoding and decoding method using HF stimulation.
    • To enhance user comfort and reduce training requirements in SSVEP-BCI systems.

    Main Methods:

    • A row-column dual-frequency encoding strategy was implemented with 20 targets arranged in a 5x4 matrix.
    • Each target utilized left-and-right field stimulation with unique frequency-phase combinations for rows and columns.
    • Electroencephalography (EEG) data from shared rows/columns were used to train a collective decoding model.

    Main Results:

    • An online 20-target asynchronous robotic arm control system was evaluated using the adaptive window method.
    • The system achieved a high ITR of 105.14 ± 14.15 bits/min with only four training trials per target.
    • Excellent performance metrics were recorded: 98.18 ± 2.87% true positive rate, 7.39 ± 6.73% false positive rate, and 91.88 ± 5.75% accuracy.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed dual-frequency protocol enables accurate and rapid command output for SSVEP-BCIs.
    • This method significantly reduces the need for extensive individual training data and employs fewer frequencies.
    • The developed system offers a more comfortable and efficient BCI experience with multiple command capabilities.