Overcoming common emerging barriers to effective neoadjuvant immunotherapies

Neoadjuvant immunotherapy has rapidly evolved as a novel approach in oncology, reshaping the standard treatment for several malignancies, including melanoma, lung, bladder, colorectal, and breast cancer. While it has an acceptable safety profile, challenges persist due to the complexity of the tumor microenvironment (TME), immune evasion, T-cell exhaustion, and identification of biomarkers. Addressing these issues is critical for optimizing treatment regimens, minimizing immune-related adverse events, and ensuring successful clinical integration.

This review explores current research on neoadjuvant immunotherapy, emphasizing its impact on standard of care treatment, efficacy, safety, and clinical challenges. A literature search was conducted using PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov for studies published in the last 5 years. Ongoing research aims to enhance the efficacy of neoadjuvant immunotherapy, identify resistance mechanisms, and broaden indications. Current clinical trials focus on biomarker-driven patient selection, refining immune response modulation through combination strategies, and developing evidence-based protocols for implementation into routine oncology practice.

Neoadjuvant immunotherapeutic options have rapidly changed the oncological treatment landscape in only a few years, and this treatment paradigm has quickly become a new standard of care in multiple solid tumors. With continued clinical investigation, neoadjuvant immunotherapy has the dramatic potential to further advance cancer care.