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Light rays enter the eye through the cornea, a transparent dome-shaped tissue that is the eye's outermost layer. The cornea bends or refracts, light rays traveling to the pupil. The shape of the cornea determines how much of the light is bent and whether the image will be focused correctly on the retina at the back of the eye. Once the light has passed through both refraction layers, it converges into a single focal point onto a small area. This is where photoreceptors start transforming...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2025

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Optical 14C Tracing for Biological and Pharmaceutical Applications Using Two-Color Cavity Ringdown Spectroscopy.

Jun Jiang1, David Baliu-Rodriguez2, A Daniel McCartt1

  • 1Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States.

Analytical Chemistry
|March 3, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Laser-based Carbon-14 (14C) quantitation using two-color cavity ringdown spectroscopy (2C-CRDS) offers a sensitive, affordable alternative to AMS. This mid-IR laser technique achieves sub-fCi quantitation for 14C tracing in biological and pharmaceutical studies.

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Spectroscopy
  • Isotope Tracing

Background:

  • Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) is the standard for 14C quantitation but is costly and has low throughput.
  • Laser-based methods offer a potentially more accessible and efficient alternative.
  • Two-color cavity ringdown spectroscopy (2C-CRDS) has shown promise for sensitive optical measurements of 14CO2.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the feasibility of a mid-IR 2C-CRDS detector for low-level 14C isotope tracing in biological and pharmaceutical applications.
  • To assess the sensitivity, accuracy, and throughput of the 2C-CRDS system for 14C quantitation.
  • To evaluate the potential of 2C-CRDS as a cost-effective, high-throughput alternative to AMS.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a mid-IR 2C-CRDS system to measure 14CO2 absorption signals from combusted samples.
  • Applied the 2C-CRDS 14C sensor to biochemical analysis and pharmaceutical studies.
  • Investigated a flow-through 14CO2 sampling scheme to improve measurement throughput.

Main Results:

  • Achieved detection sensitivity and quantitation accuracy competitive with AMS, at a few parts per quadrillion 14C/C mole fraction.
  • Demonstrated sub-fCi level quantitation of sample 14C activity with a minimum sample size of 3 mg of carbon.
  • Current throughput is ~25 min/sample, limited by sample processing, with potential for improvement to a few minutes per sample.

Conclusions:

  • The 2C-CRDS 14C sensor is a feasible and competitive technology for low-level isotope tracing.
  • The system offers high sensitivity and accuracy, making it suitable for biological, pharmaceutical, and clinical studies.
  • Potential for revolutionizing 14C tracing due to improved efficiency, lower cost, and compact size.