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Related Concept Videos

Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

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Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
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Position-effect Variegation02:32

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In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
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Pleiotropy01:33

Pleiotropy

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Pleiotropy is the phenomenon in which a single gene impacts multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits. For example, defects in the SOX10 gene cause Waardenburg Syndrome Type 4, or WS4, which can cause defects in pigmentation, hearing impairments, and an absence of intestinal contractions necessary for elimination. This diversity of phenotypes results from the expression pattern of SOX10 in early embryonic and fetal development. SOX10 is found in neural crest cells that form melanocytes,...
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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Epistasis Analysis01:09

Epistasis Analysis

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Although Mendel chose seven unrelated traits in peas to study gene segregation, most traits involve multiple gene interactions that create a spectrum of phenotypes. When the interaction of various genes or alleles at different locations influences a phenotype, this is called epistasis. Epistasis often involves one gene masking or interfering with the expression of another (antagonistic epistasis). Epistasis often occurs when different genes are part of the same biochemical pathway. The...
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Law of Independent Assortment02:03

Law of Independent Assortment

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While Mendel’s Law of Segregation states that the two alleles for one gene are separated into different gametes, a different question of how different genes are inherited remains. For example, is the gene for tall plants inherited with the gene for green peas? Mendel asked this question by experimenting with a dihybrid cross; a cross in which both parents are homozygous for two distinct traits resulting in an F1 generation that are heterozygous for both traits.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2025

Experimental Design for Laser Microdissection RNA-Seq: Lessons from an Analysis of Maize Leaf Development
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Regulatory variation controlling architectural pleiotropy in maize.

Edoardo Bertolini1, Brian R Rice2, Max Braud1

  • 1Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, 63132, USA.

Nature Communications
|March 3, 2025
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Summary

Researchers studied maize (Zea mays) to understand how gene networks control plant architecture. They identified genetic variations influencing leaf angle and tassel branching, crucial for crop improvement.

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In Situ Hybridization for the Precise Localization of Transcripts in Plants
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Experimental Design for Laser Microdissection RNA-Seq: Lessons from an Analysis of Maize Leaf Development
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In Situ Hybridization for the Precise Localization of Transcripts in Plants
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Area of Science:

  • Plant biology
  • Genetics
  • Agronomy

Background:

  • Plant organogenesis relies on establishing boundaries between meristems and developing organs.
  • In maize, a shared gene network at organ boundaries influences both leaf angle and tassel branching, impacting crop yield.
  • Understanding pleiotropy (one gene affecting multiple traits) is key for improving plant architecture.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the regulatory variations underlying pleiotropy between leaf angle and tassel branching in maize.
  • To identify novel transcription factors and structural variations controlling these agronomic traits.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized regulatory network topologies from specific developmental contexts.
  • Applied multivariate genome-wide association analyses (GWAS) informed by these networks.
  • Analyzed maize diversity to identify cis-regulatory control of pleiotropy.

Main Results:

  • Defined network plasticity around core pleiotropic loci.
  • Discovered new transcription factors contributing to canopy architecture variation.
  • Identified structural variations impacting cis-regulatory control of tassel branching and leaf angle pleiotropy.

Conclusions:

  • Context-specific developmental networks enhance statistical genetics for pinpointing pleiotropic loci.
  • This approach can identify cis-regulatory components for fine-tuning plant architecture.
  • Findings offer pathways for improving maize crop architecture and yield.