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Related Concept Videos

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...
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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
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Cancer cells accumulate genetic changes at an abnormally rapid rate due to the defects in the DNA repair mechanisms. From an evolutionary perspective, such genetic instability is advantageous for cancer development. Mutant cell lines accumulate a series of beneficial mutations that contribute to their progression into cancer.
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Coding circular RNA in human cancer.

Yuan Lin1, Yawen Wang1, Lixin Li1

  • 1Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.

Genes & Diseases
|March 4, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs), once thought noncoding, can be translated into proteins. This discovery reveals new insights into cellular functions and human cancers, highlighting circRNA

Keywords:
CancerCap-independentCircular RNAProtein-coding circRNATranslation

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are covalently closed single-stranded RNAs.
  • Historically considered noncoding, recent advancements reveal their protein-coding potential.
  • Cytoplasmic circRNAs can be translated into detectable proteins, impacting cellular pathology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of circRNA nature, functions, and translation mechanisms.
  • To summarize the roles of circRNA-encoded proteins in human cancer.
  • To discuss the therapeutic potential and research challenges of circRNAs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics studies.
  • Analysis of proposed mechanisms for circRNA translation initiation (e.g., IRES, m6A).
  • Synthesis of findings on circRNA-encoded proteins in human malignancies.

Main Results:

  • Emerging evidence supports cap-independent translation of certain circRNAs.
  • Internal ribosome entry site (IRES) and m6A modification are potential translation drivers.
  • Multiple circRNAs play significant roles in the development and progression of human cancers.

Conclusions:

  • CircRNA translation uncovers a previously hidden human proteome.
  • Understanding circRNA-encoded proteins is crucial for comprehending cellular physiology and pathology.
  • CircRNAs hold significant therapeutic potential for treating human malignant tumors.