Biomarkers in orofacial pain conditions: A narrative review

Orofacial pain conditions, including temporomandibular disorder, migraine, dental pain, and trigeminal neuralgia, are complex, multifactorial disorders with significant impacts on patients' quality of life. As understanding of the pathophysiology of these conditions has deepened, the role of molecular and genetic biomarkers in diagnosing, monitoring, and potentially treating orofacial pain has garnered increasing interest. This scoping review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of research on biomarkers associated with orofacial pain conditions. By analyzing existing literature, we identify key biomarkers linked to inflammation, neural activity, and tissue degradation that are common across multiple conditions, as well as those specific to particular disorders. Our findings underscore the potential of these biomarkers to guide the development of personalized therapeutic strategies. However, the review also highlights the challenges faced by current biomarker research, including heterogeneity in study designs, small sample sizes, and a lack of longitudinal data. Addressing these challenges is critical for translating biomarker research into clinical practice and improving outcomes for patients with orofacial pain.