Myocarditis: Diagnostic Modalities and Treatment Options

Myocarditis is an underdiagnosed condition that affects people of all ages. It can be asymptomatic or present with a variety of symptoms. The etiology of myocarditis is broad and can be infectious, autoimmune, or toxin-induced. The diagnosis of myocarditis can be challenging at times due to varied clinical features that sometimes overlap with other cardiac conditions. It is essential to have a high index of suspicion and use appropriate diagnostic methods for timely detection. In this review, we discuss establishing the diagnosis of acute myocarditis with initial workup to gold standard noninvasive cardiac magnetic resonance imaging methods and the use of invasive techniques such as endomyocardial biopsy. Furthermore, we discuss the treatment options, including novel approaches based on the severity of the symptoms and the specific etiologies of myocarditis.