Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 24, 2025
10:12
Author Spotlight: Exploring the Role of Unfolded Protein Response in HIV-1 Replication and Infectivity
Published on: June 14, 2024
1.2K
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress: Triggers Microenvironmental Regulation and Drives Tumor Evolution.
Chaosheng Peng1,2, Juan Wang1,2, Shu Wang1,2
1Department of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
Cancer Medicine
|March 4, 2025
Summary
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, triggered by cellular imbalances, activates the unfolded protein response (UPR). This UPR significantly impacts tumor growth, microenvironment, and treatment resistance, offering potential therapeutic targets.
Area of Science:
- Cellular Biology
- Oncology
- Molecular Medicine
Background:
- The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is vital for protein homeostasis.
- ER stress arises from disruptions like hypoxia and oxidative stress, leading to misfolded protein accumulation.
- The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a cellular defense mechanism involving IRE1, PERK, and ATF6 sensors.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the factors inducing ER stress.
- To elucidate the UPR signaling pathway mechanism.
- To analyze ER stress effects on the tumor microenvironment and immune cells.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of scientific papers on ER stress in the tumor microenvironment.
Main Results:
- ER stress influences tumor angiogenesis, migration, metabolism, and treatment resistance.
- Tumors leverage ER stress to modulate their evolution and the tumor microenvironment.
- ER stress impacts immune-infiltrating cells within the tumor microenvironment.
Conclusions:
- ER stress plays a critical role in tumor development and progression.
- Understanding ER stress offers novel therapeutic strategies for precision cancer treatment.
- Further research into ER stress mechanisms can yield clinical diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
Related Concept Videos
02:17The Tumor Microenvironment
6.5K
Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
6.5K
01:17Role of ER in the Secretory Pathway
5.2K
Eukaryotic cells have a special pathway that enables communication between various intracellular membrane-bound compartments and also with the extracellular environment. This pathway is termed as the secretory pathway.
Components of the secretory pathway
About a third of proteins synthesized in the cell are sorted via the secretory route. They shuffle between different compartments in membrane-bound vesicles until they reach their final destination. The main intracellular compartments involved...
Components of the secretory pathway
About a third of proteins synthesized in the cell are sorted via the secretory route. They shuffle between different compartments in membrane-bound vesicles until they reach their final destination. The main intracellular compartments involved...
5.2K
01:31Regulation of the Unfolded Protein Response
2.4K
Inositol-requiring kinase one or IRE1 is the most conserved eukaryotic unfolded protein response (UPR) receptor. It is a type I transmembrane protein kinase receptor with a distinctive site-specific RNase activity. As the binding mechanics of the misfolded proteins with the N-terminal domain of IRE-1 are unclear, three binding models — direct, indirect, and allosteric -- are proposed for receptor activation. Nevertheless, it is known that once a misfolded protein associates with IRE1, it...
2.4K
03:03mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression
3.7K
The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
The mTOR pathway or the...
The mTOR pathway or the...
3.7K
01:37The Unfolded Protein Response
4.4K
The ER is the hub of protein synthesis in a cell. It has robust systems to quality control protein folding and also for degradation of terminally misfolded proteins. Under normal conditions, a small proportion of misfolded proteins that cannot be salvaged need to be transported to the cytoplasm by the ER-associated degradation or ERAD pathways. However, if the ERAD cannot handle the misfolded proteins, the cell activates the unfolded protein response or UPR to adjust the protein folding...
4.4K
01:39Endoplasmic Reticulum
93.8K
The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) in eukaryotic cells is a substantial network of interconnected membranes with diverse functions, from calcium storage to biomolecule synthesis. A primary component of the endomembrane system, the ER manufactures phospholipids critical for membrane function throughout the cell. Additionally, the two distinct regions of the ER specialize in the manufacture of specific lipids and proteins.
93.8K