Easily-Accessible Human Skin-Fat-Muscle Phantoms for Dependable In-Vitro Testing of Biomedical Devices

Human phantoms are a viable alternative for in-vitro biomedical device testing, replacing conventional animal tissues and liquid solutions that compromise reproducibility and accuracy. This paper reports a novel human phantom design framework that accurately replicates the electrical properties of human skin, fat, and muscle, using easily accessible and low-cost materials and simple fabrication processes. These phantoms cover an important frequency range of 100 kHz to 50⁺ MHz, which is widely used for wearable and implantable biomedical devices and yet undiscovered. Through a set of electrical, mechanical, and long-term stability measurements, the proposed phantoms demonstrate superior practicality and accuracy for in-vitro testing than existing approaches.