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Updated: May 24, 2025

A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training
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Pupil diameter does not covary with learning during single-session Neurofeedback Training.

Joana Silva, Elmeri Syrjanen, Elaine Astrand

    Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference
    |March 5, 2025
    PubMed
    Summary

    Pupil diameter does not reliably indicate learning in neurofeedback (NFB) training. This study found no correlation between pupil size and electroencephalogram (EEG) control, suggesting it

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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Cognitive Science

    Background:

    • Neurofeedback (NFB) training aims to teach self-regulation of brain activity.
    • A significant challenge is that many individuals struggle to learn NFB control.
    • Identifying reliable biomarkers for learning is crucial to improve NFB efficacy.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate pupil diameter as a potential biomarker for neural self-regulation learning during NFB training.
    • To determine if pupil diameter changes correlate with successful electroencephalogram (EEG) control acquisition.

    Main Methods:

    • Twenty healthy participants underwent four NFB training sessions targeting specific EEG power features.
    • Pupil diameter was continuously monitored throughout the NFB sessions.
    • Participants were categorized as learners or non-learners based on their ability to control EEG activity.

    Main Results:

    • No significant differences in pupil diameter were observed between learners and non-learners across NFB sessions.
    • No correlation was found between pupil diameter and the targeted EEG power features during training.
    • These findings suggest pupil diameter is not a direct indicator of NFB learning.

    Conclusions:

    • Pupil diameter is unlikely to serve as a biomarker for learning neural self-regulation in NFB.
    • Confounding factors, such as mental fatigue, may influence pupil diameter independently of learning.
    • Further research is warranted to explore other eye-tracking metrics for potential learning biomarkers in NFB.