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Updated: Jun 14, 2026

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Frozen by Heating: Temperature Controlled Dynamic States in Droplet Microswimmers.

Prashanth Ramesh1,2, Yibo Chen1,2, Petra Räder3

  • 1Physics of Fluids Group, Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics and J. M. Burgers Center for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, PO Box 217, Enschede, 7500AE, Netherlands.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|March 5, 2025
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Summary

Researchers demonstrate a new method to control synthetic active matter motion using temperature-sensitive fuel. This allows tuning droplet dynamics between unsteady, meandering, and persistent states for advanced applications.

Keywords:
active mattermicroswimmersself‐propelling dropletstemperature controlled dynamic states

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Active matter converts nanoscale energy to macroscopic motion.
  • Controlling dynamic states (motility gaits) is a key challenge in synthetic active matter.
  • Existing systems often lack fine-tuned control over motion patterns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present an experimental system for self-propelling droplets with thermally controllable and reversible dynamic states.
  • To demonstrate tunable control over droplet motion, ranging from unsteady to persistent states.
  • To experimentally validate fundamental principles of self-propelled motion.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a temperature-sensitive mixture of surfactants as propulsion fuel.
  • Tuned the Péclet number to control droplet dynamics.
  • Quantified droplet dynamics by analyzing flow and chemical fields.
  • Compared experimental results to canonical models for autophoretic particles.

Main Results:

  • Achieved thermally controllable and reversible dynamic states in self-propelling droplets.
  • Demonstrated tunable motion including unsteady, meandering, persistent, and arrested states.
  • Experimentally showed the first broken symmetry leading to self-propelled motility from an isotropic state.

Conclusions:

  • The developed system offers unprecedented control over synthetic active matter dynamics.
  • Temperature-sensitive fuel provides a novel mechanism for tuning Péclet numbers and motility gaits.
  • The findings experimentally confirm theoretical models of autophoretic particle behavior and symmetry breaking.