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Microtubules are dynamic structures that undergo continuous assembly and disassembly. They originate from specialized multi-protein complexes known as microtubule organizing centers or MTOCs. Within the MTOC, the point of origin of the microtubule is known as the minus end, while the end radiating outward is the plus end. Microtubules serve two primary functions — the organization of spindle complexes to separate sister chromatids during mitotic or meiotic cell division and the formation...
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Microtubules are small hollow tubes in eukaryotic cells. The cell wall microtubules are polymerized dimers of two globular proteins, α-tubulin and β-tubulin, two globular proteins. With a diameter of about 25 nm, microtubules are the widest components of the cytoskeleton. They help the cell resist compression and provide a track along which vesicles move through the cell or pull replicated chromosomes to opposite ends of a dividing cell. Microtubules go through quick cycles of...
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There are three types of cytoskeletal structures in eukaryotic cells—microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. With a diameter of about 25 nm, microtubules are the thickest of these fibers. Microtubules carry out a variety of functions that include cell structure and support, transport of organelles, cell motility (movement), and the separation of chromosomes during cell division.
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Complex microtubule structures are present in resting cells and in dividing cells. In resting cells, they are responsible for maintaining the cellular architecture, tracks for intracellular transport, positioning of organelles, assembly of cilia and flagella. They mediate the bipolar spindle assembly for chromosomal segregation and positioning of the cell division plate in dividing cells. The formation of microtubule complex structures depends on the cell type, cell stage, and cell function.
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Cell division is essential for organismal growth and development. In animal cells, the central spindle and its associated proteins form the midbody, a structure that has an essential role in cytokinesis. In plants, the central spindle, along with the microtubules, actin, and other cell components, matures into the phragmoplast, which is necessary for cytokinesis. Unlike the stationary midbody, the phragmoplast expands centrifugally, eventually leading to the formation of the new cell wall.
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The Microtubule Cytoskeleton in Bryophytes.

Zihan Yin1, Yirong Gan1, Yin Chen1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.

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|March 5, 2025
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Summary

Bryophytes, the earliest land plants, show unique microtubule (MT) cytoskeletal organization. This review details MT arrays and organization factors in mosses, liverworts, and hornworts, revealing evolutionary adaptations.

Keywords:
bryophytecytoskeletonhornwortliverwortmicrotubulemoss

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Microtubules (MTs) are vital eukaryotic cytoskeletal components.
  • Plant MT organization has evolved uniquely, with specific structures appearing or disappearing.
  • Bryophytes represent early land plants crucial for understanding MT evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge of MT cytoskeleton organization in bryophytes.
  • To highlight major MT array types and organizational factors in early land plants.
  • To provide insights into MT adaptation during plant evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review integrating electron microscopy, genomics, genetics, and cell imaging.
  • Focus on established models like Physcomitrium patens and Marchantia polymorpha.
  • Inclusion of emerging hornwort models.

Main Results:

  • Bryophytes exhibit distinct MT structures, some unique to plants (preprophase band, phragmoplast).
  • Centrioles and flagella have been lost in many plant lineages, including bryophytes.
  • Recent advances have significantly improved understanding of MT organization and function.

Conclusions:

  • Bryophytes offer a key perspective on the evolution of plant MT organization.
  • Understanding bryophyte MTs illuminates fundamental principles of cytoskeletal adaptation.
  • This review synthesizes current data, paving the way for future research in plant cytoskeletal evolution.