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Somatosensation

Somatosensation

The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2025

Author Spotlight: Insights into Remotely Supervised Neuromodulation Procedure for Phantom Limb Pain

Author Spotlight: Insights into Remotely Supervised Neuromodulation Procedure for Phantom Limb Pain

Published on: March 1, 2024

Motor cortex stimulation for phantom limb pain treatment.

Walter Fagundes¹, Kaike Lobo², Numa Rajab²

¹Department of Neurosurgery, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Espirito Santo, Brazil.

Surgical Neurology International

|March 5, 2025

Summary

Motor cortex stimulation (MCS) offers a promising treatment for phantom limb pain (PLP), a challenging neuropathic condition. This study shows MCS effectively reduced pain and medication intake in refractory PLP patients.

Keywords:

Motor cortex stimulation Neuromodulation Neuropathic pain Peripheral pain Phantom limb pain

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Last Updated: May 24, 2025

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Real-time Video Projection in an MRI for Characterization of Neural Correlates Associated with Mirror Therapy for Phantom Limb Pain

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Area of Science:

Neurosurgery
Pain Management
Neurology

Background:

Phantom limb pain (PLP) is a chronic neuropathic pain syndrome post-amputation.
Pharmacological treatments often fail to provide adequate relief for PLP.
Motor cortex stimulation (MCS) is an emerging therapeutic option for refractory PLP.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the efficacy of epidural motor cortex stimulation (MCS) in managing chronic, refractory phantom limb pain (PLP).

Main Methods:

Three patients with chronic, refractory PLP underwent epidural MCS implantation.
Electrode placement guided by stereotactic angiography and 3D-MRI.
Pain intensity assessed using Visual Analog Scale (VAS) over a mean 7-month follow-up.

Main Results:

Two patients experienced a >50% reduction in pain; one had a 44.4% reduction.
Average VAS scores significantly decreased from 7.0 to 3.67 (P=0.00985).
All patients reduced analgesic medication intake with no major complications.

Conclusions:

Motor cortex stimulation (MCS) is an effective and adjustable treatment for chronic PLP refractory to other methods.
MCS provides a reversible therapeutic option for challenging neuropathic pain conditions.