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Related Concept Videos

Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction01:07

Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction

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Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to determine the 3D structure of biological samples with the help of techniques such as electron microscope tomography and single-particle reconstruction. While single-particle reconstruction can examine macromolecules and macromolecular complexes in vitro conditions only, tomography permits the study of cell components or small cells in vivo.
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Scanning Electron Microscopy01:07

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A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the surface features of a sample by using an electron beam that scans the sample surface in a two-dimensional manner. Typically, areas between ~1 centimeter to 5 micrometers in width can be imaged. SEM can be used to image bacteria, viruses, tissues as well as larger samples like insects. Conventional SEM gives a magnification ranging from 20X to 30,000X and spatial resolution of 50 to 100 nanometers.
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Cryo-electron Microscopy01:28

Cryo-electron Microscopy

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Conventional electron microscopy (EM) involves dehydration, fixation, and staining of biological samples, which distorts the native state of biological molecules and results in several artifacts. Also, the high-energy electron beam damages the sample and makes it difficult to obtain high-resolution images. These issues can be addressed using cryo-EM, which uses frozen samples and gentler electron beams. The technique was developed by Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank, and Richard Henderson, for...
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Transmission Electron Microscopy01:15

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In 1931, physicist Ernst Ruska—building on the idea that magnetic fields can direct an electron beam just as lenses can direct a beam of light in an optical microscope—developed the first prototype of the electron microscope. This development led to the development of the field of electron microscopy. In the transmission electron microscope (TEM), electrons are produced by a hot tungsten element and accelerated by a potential difference in an electron gun, which gives them up to 400...
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Overview of Electron Microscopy01:25

Overview of Electron Microscopy

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The wavelengths of visible light ultimately limit the maximum theoretical resolution of images created by light microscopes. Most light microscopes can only magnify 1000X, and a few can magnify up to 1500X. Electrons, like electromagnetic radiation, can behave like waves, but with wavelengths of 0.005 nm, they produce significantly greater resolution up to 0.05 nm as compared to 500 nm for visible light. An electron microscope (EM) can create a sharp image that is magnified up to 2,000,000X.
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Preparation of Samples for Electron Microscopy01:20

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To be visualized by an electron microscope, either transmission or scanning, biological samples need to be fixed (stabilized) so the electron beam does not destroy them and dried thoroughly (desiccated/dehydrated) so the vacuum does not affect them. Fixation needs to be done as quickly as possible because the sample properties will start changing as soon as it is removed from its natural environment. For example, in a tissue sample, the oxygen levels begin decreasing, causing an altered...
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Updated: May 24, 2025

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Imaging Gas-Involved Structural Dynamics by Environmental Electron Microscopy.

Yonghe Li1, Qiaoru Ning1, Hui Xu1

  • 1Center for Electron Microscopy, College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, P. R. China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|March 5, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Environmental electron microscopy (EEM) allows real-time visualization of gas-involved reactions. This review details EEM techniques and their application in understanding physical and chemical processes for designing advanced materials.

Keywords:
catalytic reactionenvironmental electron microscopyin situ characterizationmetal‐air batteriesvapor condensation and deposition

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Understanding gas-involved physicochemical reactions is crucial for the chemical industry.
  • Real-time visualization of reaction dynamics in gas environments is essential.
  • In situ environmental electron microscopy (EEM) offers multiscale observation capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review state-of-the-art EEM technologies for observing gas-involved reactions.
  • To categorize and detail dynamic behaviors in physical and chemical gas processes.
  • To highlight challenges and perspectives for designing functional materials using EEM.

Main Methods:

  • Review of in situ environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (ETEM) techniques.
  • Categorization of gas reactions into physical (condensation, deposition, reshaping) and chemical (electrochemical, thermochemical, crystal growth, catalytic) processes.
  • Analysis of dynamic behaviors observed via EEM.

Main Results:

  • EEM enables detailed observation of gas-involved physical processes like vapor condensation and deposition.
  • Comprehensive exploration of gas-involved chemical reactions including electrochemical, thermochemical, crystal growth, and catalytic reactions.
  • Identification of technical challenges and future opportunities for EEM in materials science.

Conclusions:

  • In situ EEM provides a powerful tool for understanding gas-involved physicochemical reactions.
  • This review offers a multiscale perspective on reaction origins, aiding in functional material design.
  • EEM is pivotal for advancing the development of high-performance gas-involved materials.