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Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Active ERK in the C. elegans Germline
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Phased ERK responsiveness and developmental robustness regulate teleost skin morphogenesis.

Nitya Ramkumar1,2,3, Christian Richardson1,3, Makinnon O'Brien1

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Zebrafish embryonic skin expands via oriented cell divisions, not new cells. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling controls cell division and growth, showing developmental robustness.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Cell biology
  • Zebrafish models

Background:

  • Vertebrate embryonic axis elongation requires epidermal expansion.
  • The periderm, the epidermis's outer layer, must grow to accommodate underlying tissue development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop tools for visualizing and quantifying signaling in the zebrafish periderm.
  • To investigate the mechanisms of periderm growth during embryonic development.
  • To understand the role of Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling in periderm development.

Main Methods:

  • Generation of a toolkit for live imaging and signaling quantification in the zebrafish periderm.
  • Utilizing a live biosensor to measure ERK activity.
  • Employing optogenetics to manipulate ERK activity.
  • Genetic manipulation to block cell division.

Main Results:

  • Periderm growth during early axial elongation is primarily driven by oriented cell divisions, not basal cell addition.
  • ERK activity, measured by a biosensor, correlates with cell cycle entry.
  • Optogenetic activation of ERK influences cell cycling.
  • Later in development, ERK signaling shifts from promoting proliferation to hypertrophic growth.
  • Blocking cell division results in enlarged periderm cells without impairing adult development.

Conclusions:

  • Zebrafish periderm growth is regulated by stage-dependent ERK signaling.
  • Oriented cell divisions are key to early periderm expansion.
  • ERK signaling dynamically controls cell proliferation and hypertrophic growth.
  • Teleost skin exhibits significant developmental robustness, tolerating disruptions in cell division.