Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Implicit Memories

Implicit Memories

Implicit memories, also known as non-declarative memories, are long-term memories that function outside of conscious awareness. These memories influence behavior and skills without explicit knowledge. This type of memory is evident in tasks like playing tennis, snowboarding, and texting. Implicit memory has three subsystems: procedural memory, conditioning, and priming. This type of memory is essential in various activities, from everyday tasks to specialized skills.
One key aspect of implicit...

Understanding Memory

Understanding Memory

Memory is the retention of information or experiences over time, facilitated through three main processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Encoding is the process of inputting information into the memory system. For instance, when listening to a lecture, watching a play, reading a book, or having a conversation, the brain is actively encoding information. This initial stage involves transforming sensory input into a form that can be processed and stored by the brain. Various factors, such as...

Elaborative Rehearsals

Elaborative Rehearsals

Elaborative rehearsal is a crucial cognitive strategy that strengthens information encoding in long-term memory by making meaningful connections between new data and pre-existing knowledge. This approach contrasts with maintenance rehearsal, which involves simple repetition without delving into the significance of the information. While maintenance rehearsal might temporarily keep information active in short-term memory, it is less effective for long-term retention.
The effectiveness of...

Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory

Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory

Improving short-term memory can be achieved through techniques like chunking and rehearsal. Chunking involves organizing information into larger, more manageable units. This technique is particularly useful for information that exceeds the typical memory span of between five and nine items. For instance, logging into an online account with a password like "ta89vq0179gz" involves grouping letters and numbers into three chunks—ta89, vq01, and 79gz. It makes large amounts of...

Interference and Decay

Interference and Decay

Forgetting is a complex cognitive phenomenon influenced by several factors, among which interference and decay are particularly prominent. These processes explain why individuals often struggle to retrieve specific information from memory, leading to lapses in recall that can be observed in everyday situations.
Interference occurs when competing memories hinder the retrieval of particular information. It can be classified into two types: proactive and retroactive interference. Proactive...

Storage

Storage

A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Executive functions blues: Updating and inhibition training in older adults.

Psychology and aging·2026

Same author

The status and interpretation of neuropsychological evidence: Commentary on 'No evidence yet for functional independence of verbal short-term memory and long-term verbal knowledge' by Majerus, Cowan and Oberauer (2026).

Journal of neuropsychology·2026

Same author

Internal structure of the prospective and retrospective memory questionnaire - PRMQ - in a sample of 297,242 participants.

Memory (Hove, England)·2025

Same author

Different measures of working memory decline at different rates across adult ageing and dual task costs plateau in mid-life.

Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)·2025

Same author

Lost in Thought or Just Lonely? Everyday Cognitive Competence in Middle Adulthood.

European journal of investigation in health, psychology and education·2025

Same author

Multi-session tDCS over the posterior parietal cortex and associative memory.

PloS one·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2025

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Impact of Emotional Prosodies on Voice Recognition and Perception

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Impact of Emotional Prosodies on Voice Recognition and Perception

Published on: August 9, 2024

Verbalisation of processes underlying prospective memory.

Marina Martinčević¹, Andrea Vranić¹, Robert Logie²

¹Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.

Memory (Hove, England)

|March 5, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study investigated prospective memory (PM) errors using the Virtual Week task. Verbalizing tasks did not impact PM performance but helped identify specific error types, revealing diverse causes for memory failures.

Keywords:

Prospective memory microstructure model verbalisation virtual week task

More Related Videos

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm

Published on: April 28, 2016

The Spatial Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

The Spatial Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

Published on: February 19, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 24, 2025

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Impact of Emotional Prosodies on Voice Recognition and Perception

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Impact of Emotional Prosodies on Voice Recognition and Perception

Published on: August 9, 2024

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm

Published on: April 28, 2016

The Spatial Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

The Spatial Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

Published on: February 19, 2018

Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Neuroscience
Human Factors

Background:

Prospective memory (PM) performance errors are not well understood.
Existing research has not sufficiently explored errors across PM performance phases.
The microstructure model of PM offers a framework for analyzing performance steps.

Purpose of the Study:

To examine errors in different phases of the PM microstructure model.
To investigate if verbalization can aid in measuring PM errors.
To identify specific error types and their underlying causes in PM tasks.

Main Methods:

Two experiments using the Virtual Week (VW) task (3-day and 5-day versions).
Participants were young adults in experimental (verbalization) and control groups.
Experimental groups verbalized PM tasks before execution.

Main Results:

Verbalization did not significantly affect overall PM performance in either experiment.
Verbalization may increase task execution time.
Prospective component errors linked to strategic monitoring; recall errors to irregular tasks; execution errors to response competition.

Conclusions:

PM failures stem from a variety of cognitive processes.
Verbalization is a viable method for detecting and analyzing specific PM error types.
Understanding error sources can inform interventions to improve prospective memory.