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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2025

Validation of a Psychosocial Intervention on Body Image in Older People: An Experimental Design

Validation of a Psychosocial Intervention on Body Image in Older People: An Experimental Design

Published on: May 31, 2021

Two paradoxes in women's well-being.

Caspar Kaiser^1,2, Naomi Muggleton¹, Edika Quispe-Torreblanca³

¹Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.

Science Advances

|March 5, 2025

Summary

Women report higher life satisfaction but worse mental health than men. Despite social progress, women's overall well-being relative to men has declined globally, especially concerning negative affect.

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Area of Science:

Psychology
Sociology
Economics

Background:

The gender gap in well-being presents two paradoxes: women report higher life satisfaction yet worse mental health, and their well-being has declined relative to men despite societal advances.
Potential explanations include differential expectations, biological factors, and scale usage in well-being assessments.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the literature on the gender gap in well-being.
To empirically investigate the paradoxes of gender well-being gaps using global and long-term data.

Main Methods:

Literature review on gender well-being gaps.
Analysis of global data (2006-2023) and long-term European and US data (since 1970s).

Main Results:

Gender well-being gaps vary significantly across countries, indicating the first paradox (higher satisfaction, worse mental health) is not universal.
A consistent global trend shows a relative decline in women's well-being over time, particularly in measures of negative affect.

Conclusions:

The relationship between gender and well-being is complex and context-dependent.
Despite improvements in social and economic status, women's well-being has relatively declined globally, highlighting persistent challenges in mental health and negative affect.